Aircraft
Noise and Land Use Compatibility Program
Name:
Institution:
Aircraft
Noise and Land Use Compatibility Program
Aircraft
and aircraft noise contributes a significant percentage of the total noise
pollution generated within the United
States. One of the methods used to reduce
aircraft noise within San Jose
International Airport
is strict implementation of different legislature. The airport management has
enforced the adoption of high-bypass turbofan engines that emit lesser noise. Houses
near the airport and runway have also benefited from an insulation program (Young
& Wells, 2014). This initiative has successfully lowered the noise levels
experienced inside the houses. This noise insulation is composed of roof
upgrading, caulking the seams and baffling (Licitra, 2013). Through the FAA, the
federal government has also implemented an Aircraft Certification system that has
successfully lowered noise reductions (André, 2004). Currently, all aircraft
from the airport are either stage 3 or stage 4 and this has lower noise levels.
Furthermore, the Mineta
San José International
Airport management has
implemented a strict noise curfew that is attached with penalties for operators
that violate the noise threshold. Other airport practices such as jet engine testing
have also been controlled by this regulation. San Jose is also part of the Noise Abatement
Program (André, 2004).
The
Federal Aviation Regulation Part 150 program outlines the benchmarks for
airport operators to adopt in recording noise levels in the neighborhoods
around the airport and implementing initiatives to mitigate problems in using
land that originate from the airport activities. The program has been very effective
in achieving its objectives. Since 1981 to 2012, the program has managed to reduce
the number of people exposed to noise pollution from 7 million to approximately
300,000 (Licitra, 2013). Apart from this, Airport Noise Compatibility Planning
has also collaborated with FAA to ensure that all operators and stakeholders
collaborate in reducing the impact on residential areas (Licitra, 2013). FAR Part
150 has created several alternatives to lower noise pollution such as different
landing and take-off approaches. It has also proposed the acquisition of land
around the airports (buyouts). The evidence of its success is clear, as 275 airports
have already entered this program.
References
Top of Form
Top of Form
Top of Form
André, R. (2004). Take back the sky: Protecting communities in the
path of aviation expansion. San
Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Licitra, G. (2013). Noise mapping in the EU: Models and procedures.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Young, S. B., & Wells, A. (2014). Airport planning and management.
New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Management
Planning
Management
planning refers to the procedure of evaluating a company’s objectives and developing
a practical and thorough plan of action for achieving these goals. In the same
way as formulating a business plan, a management plan considers both short and long-term
company strategies. The basic order of the management planning process starts
with developing a road map that delineates each assignment the company must achieve
to meet its overall objectives.
Factors Influencing Strategic Planning
The
internal and external environments are key components that influence strategic
planning. The experience, competence and knowledge of the human resources
sector contribute greatly towards the planning process. Consequently, the
recruitment and training of employees determines the overall organizational
success. Another factor that influences strategic planning is the organization
culture. The general attitude of the workforce, whether positive or negative,
Factors Influencing Tactical Planning
Factors Influencing Operational Planning
Factors Influencing Contingency Planning
Influence of Legal Issues on Management Planning
Influence of Ethics on Management Planning
Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Management Planning
Name:
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Date:
The
Enlightened Generation
Devoid
of restrictive legislations, the Asian youth strive to expand the scope of
their rights given their changing dynamics demographically and economically. Forming
the bulk of the new advocacy groups, they directly challenged the political
status quo. The school setting facilitated the interaction of liberalized students
as it naturally brought Asian Youth into a community. The community of Asian
students working in tandem with the emergence of ethnic studies in the school
facilitated the political mobilization of the younger generation.
The
Civil Rights Act and the Immigration Reform Acts opened up new possibilities
for the Asian American community. It helped them to fill its dwindling numbers
helping them to gain a political voice. The 1960s was characterized by a
significant inflow of Asian communities into the United States. The subsequent
generation grew up on a climate that was more political tolerant and relatively
free of discrimination. It follows that the younger generation grew with the
awareness of the new rights availed to minorities courtesy of the Civil Rights
Act. They recognized that advocacy transcended the protections of Asian
American rights.
By
virtue of being educated the students had positions of influence in the Asian
community. The younger generation was tasked with changing prevalent perceptions
in society that persisted from the era of discrimination, for instance, the
depiction of Asian women as exotic sex objects. The media perpetuated the
fallacy rekindling the inherited stereotypes from an outdated era. At schools
the students were made aware of their false depiction in larger society. Ethnic
studies informed them of their lack of representation in the legal system
evidenced by the absence of Chinese interpreters and jurors. It follows they
strived to control their image by engaging in advocacy forums where their
numbers gave them voice. As such, the educated proponents like Ken Kawaichi and
his student associates initiated the Asian law Caucus to create awareness to
the rest of society on the essence of legal reforms in stimulating social
change.
Work
Challenges
Name:
Institution:
Work
Challenges
The Position on Workforce Issues
The
American Hospitals Association’s (AHA) position on workforce
issues is a positive one. The
acknowledgement that indeed there is a problem and that something needs to be
done to better the situation is a step in the right direction. However, in the report, there seems to be a deliberate attempt
to water down the situation. It is not backed by statistics that show the
extent of the problem. Statistics are important because
they show how much ground should be covered to make the situation improve.
Statistics are also important for benchmarking purposes. The expectation of a
report of this magnitude would be for it to say the number of people enlisted
as caregivers in the country. The number should be
used in contrast with the total number of caregivers’ employed by
American hospitals. This would have
helped in knowing whether there is a shortage of caregivers. That could have
guided the next course of action; whether to train an increased number of
caregivers as the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act suggests or just continue with the same number of people being trained.
The
report could have also set targets to be reached
to improve workforce challenges. A target could have helped to focus the
association to the matter at hand. Individual hospitals could have been assigned
targets as per the magnitude of the challenge in their areas of operation. The
AHA could have had deliberations with their members on how these targets can be
met to the benefit of the health workers (Advancing Excellence in
Patient Care Workforce Challenges). Stumbling blocks to the implementation
would be addressed forehand so that the problem can be mitigated once and for
all. Failure to set targets makes AHA seem to pay lip service to the situation
leaving the plight of caregivers at a desperate position.
The
American hospitals’ position on workforce
issues seems to be very reliant on
legislation. There is much emphasis on the pieces of legislation passed to
address the issues. This report points to
the fact that, AHA is absolving itself of any blame concerning the situation
(Advancing Excellence in Patient Care Workforce Challenges). The blame has been
shifted to weakness in laws that ensure the healthcare givers rights are protected. The point that AHA misses on
this instance is that if the association was
indeed looking at the plight of workers,
then there would be no need for legislation (Coombs et al., 2013). At the same
time, there is no reassurance by the American Hospitals Association that they
will comply with the laws passed. A reassurance would have come by them putting
put measures to oversee the implementation of
these laws.
The
position taken by AHA on workforce issues is a passive one because it has no commitment. A report backed
by statistics would have had high
credibility and given health workers a checklist to ensure implementation. One
would have expected that the American Hospital Association would name hospitals
that seem to be doing well in matters of taking
care of the workforce. This would have
made other hospitals aspire to be better. The American Hospitals Association
should do better to enumerate the plight of the caregivers (Advancing
Excellence in Patient Care Workforce Challenges). This will give the caregivers confidence in knowing that their
employers are committed to addressing their challenges.
Employee Relations
The
challenge of employee relations has also been
properly addressed in the report. The caregiver’s
unions seem to be the main subject. It has looked at ways in which the
hospitals recognize the unions. For example,
the card check system is a way for the hospital to establish the labor union
with majority members. The quickie elections are
meant to ensure that the hospital gives
its employees adequate knowledge about a union for them to join. Final check
arbitration ensures that a collective
bargaining agreement is reached amicably between the workers union and the
employers. Employer neutrality gives the opportunity to union organizers to solicit
for members to join them during working hours.
On
this instance, AHA sees the unions as the
best way to address their interactions with employees. The report suggests ways
of streamlining the operations of the union. This
is commendable because if the employees see that the hospital is working
well with the union, then, they will trust that their grievances will be resolved (Advancing Excellence in Patient
Care Workforce Challenges; Moody, 2014). This takes the employees mind of the complaints allowing them to concentrate on
their duties, leading to better service delivery. However, the unions should
not be too friendly with the employers
because this will undermine their mandate to the caregivers. Employee relations
did not mention how the collective bargaining agreements are discussed in its entirety it only addressed what happens
in an instance of a disagreement between the parties involved.
Evidence shows that the bargaining
power of caregivers has increased because of the increase in unions. As a result,
the wage gains have been significant. Therefore, the step by AHA to improve
their cooperation with unions is a step
in the right direction. The policy makers should also be commended for coming up with laws that streamline the
interaction between health workers and the employees. This will benefit the health system as a whole, and not just the employees. The American Health Association
should know that improving the plight of the health workers is a huge step
towards improving the health status of the nation as a whole. Therefore,
deliberate efforts should be put to
achieve the part on workers relations.
References:
Advancing Excellence in Patient Care Workforce
Challenges. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2016, from www.aha.org/content/00-10/10-workforce.pdf
Coombs, C., Newman, R., Cebula, R., & White, M. (2013). The
Bargaining Power of Health Care Unions: Union Wage Premiums for Registered Nurses
in Hospitals.
Moody, K. (2014). Competition and conflict: Union growth in the US
hospital industry. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 35(1),
5-25.
Name:
Tutor:
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Date:
Reflection
Literature is an undeniably
influential force through which messages can be disseminated regardless of
determining factors such as the disposition of the society, geographical
boundaries, or time. Over the years, numerous authors and scholars constructed
literary compositions and works that informed the masses on significant
affective issues such as the presence of slavery, the suffrage of women, and
the effects of the First and Second World Wars. For example, most of the novels
that were written by Virginia Woolf, such as Mrs. Dalloway prior to her death provided a harsh criticism of the
First World War and the effects it imposed on human beings, notably
post-traumatic stress disorders as evidenced by the novel’s key character,
Septimus Warren Smith whose role represented the men and women affected
negatively by the aforementioned armed struggles. Additionally, literature has
been used to document the inequalities that constituted many societies across
the world. One particular example of this stems from literature’s focus on the
issue of racism and the manner in which it succeeded in segregating the
American people. As the writer notes, literary works such as Our Faces, To Kill a Mockingbird, the
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The
Negro Protest comprised examples of books and narratives that provided a
shocking reality of the discrimination and prejudice that African Americans
suffered under the rule of the white majority (Trout 49). By reenacting the
scenes within the respective examples of literature, students (both black and
white) were capable of understanding the injustices evident in society hence
creatively protesting the unfortunate circumstances that affected African
American counterparts. In essence, despite the controversial nature of the
respective material, it is evident that participation in the respective
reenactments was effective in creating knowledgeable and socially conscious
young men and women that became increasingly aware of the society’s dysfunctions,
especially in respect to race (Trout 51).
Works
Cited
Trout, Lawana. “The Teaching of Protest and Propaganda Literature.” Negro American Literature Forum, vol. 2,
no. 3, 1968: pp. 46-52. Print.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Case
3: London
Question One
Finding an
alternative route in case of delays in construction may become a challenge to McNulty. Firstly, the
alternative would have to suffice as safe, paved and complete if it is to
qualify as useable. As Ms. McNulty’s
assistant, I am tasked with designing the alternative route for the MS bicycle tour between London and Grand Bend,
Ontario. Most of the route plans
require a minimum of 59 days to cover all aspects of the plan (Khushal). In
this case, the network design that I am going to create will offer the cycling
participants a remedy to the crisis mentioned by Sarah Mann. The network design
will take into account the key spots where participants can access a number of
facilities. Similarly, the diversity in number should be taken into
consideration while selecting a lane that will accommodate the physically
challenged. The number of checkpoints would therefore be five.
From Port Blake
Conservation Area take the route on the left on highway 21 marked 3.1km. Travel
3.3 km on your right find Gore road. Travel another 3.1 km and on your right
find B line and after 2.8 km, you will find highway 81 on the left. Proceed for
about 4 km and locate county road 10, which is the first checkpoint. It is
marked Checkpoint #1. Continue for about 4.3 km on county road 10 and take turn
on your right at county road 2. Cycle 4.1 km on the same road until you locate
mount Carmel drive where you will take the left turn. About 4 km from your
location, you will find country road 21 and that will be Checkpoint #2. Continue
on county road 21 and locate county road 24 0.8 km ahead. Take the left route
4.1 km and on your right, you will locate Maguire road. At this point, 4 km
ahead and locate Price William
Street.
Take the turn on
your right 4.1 km to County road 20 where you will find checkpoint #3 on your
right. Cycle approximately 11.7 km on
county road 20 where you will take a right to county road 16. At this point,
you will locate checkpoint #4. At this point, lunch will be served. Continue
with county road 6.8 km and take a left turn at county road 17. Proceed for
about 4.5 km where you will find checkpoint #5. Continue for 9.2 km and make a
right to hydra park road. Cycle 1.3 km and take a left on samia road. Proceed
for about 5.5 km and make a left turn on western road. Travel for about 1 km
and turn left on Wellington Drive. Travel
for 2 km and you will have completed the activity for day one.
Checkpoint #5
Question Two
(1) The optimistic
times
The
earliest completion time using
the optimistic time would be 23 business days and below for the completion of
the safe alternative design.
(2) The most likely
times
The
earliest completion time using
the most likely time would be exactly 23 business days for the completion of
the safe alternative design.
(3) The pessimistic
times
The
earliest completion time using
the pessimistic time would be 23 days and more for the completion of the safe
alternative design.
Conclusions
From
an evaluation of the amount of time that needs to be spent for completion of
the planning process, it was too late. Therefore, considering that only 23 days
were left before Ms. McNulty
was informed of the challenge, the basis for project completion would be 23
days.
Question Three
Permits
8
business days
59/8
= 7.375
Roads department
8
business days
59/8
= 7.375
Checkpoints
15
business days
59/15
= 3.933
The
critical path would be cycling between county road 16 and county road 20 where
most of their energy will be used. 11.7 km is the critical path.
Question Four
Ms. McNulty needs to take the
necessary precautions and implement foreign measures that will help her deal
with the uncertainty in time. The preparations had taken up 36 days when Ms. McNulty received the issue regarding
incomplete construction. Only 23 days remained before the commencement of the activity,
which was not enough to complete construction and stage the course for the
event (Khushal). 549 cyclists were registered for the activity and any move to
postpone the event would be met by vigilant participants. The fundraising event
would be rendered futile. However, Ms.
McNulty may approach such a challenge through creating an alternative
route planning task and schedule that is timely and will render the activity successful.
Allocating a team instead of one person to design an alternative route would be
more economical and faster. Considering the urgency of the matter, a team would
prove efficient in generating ideas for the alternative route.
Managing
hazards in the roads ay prove to be a challenge to Ms. McNulty. Therefore, she would have
opted to involve the roads department proactively and assure them that the
activity was timely and important to the community. Creating a worthy
relationship with the county representatives would have proven effective when
seeking out permits to erect checkpoints and use various roads for the
campaign. Ms. McNulty
could have used an influential sponsor and person to help in the legalization
processes for acquiring insurances and licenses. Ms. McNulty could have managed the tasks
related to emergency provision by allocating duties to representatives of such
institutions. Considering that the activity was meant to raise funds for people
with multiple sclerosis, the hospitals were part of this candid venture.
Therefore, a representative would have proven effective and more certain
instead of a single representative to undertake all tasks.
Among
the uncertain factors while managing a project is the timing risk factor. As
much as the most proficient managers are regarded competent when dealing with
uncertain risks, most managers find it difficult to handle such issues. Managers
need to employ decision strategies and milestones that are geared towards
preventing disasters as in the case of Ms. McNulty. The importance of accounting for variability while
handling any project is that it aligns the project to a dedicated or
non-dedicated team. Considering that the cycling project consisted of different
variables, Ms. McNulty was
required to distribute the tasks to different teams. In most cases, critical
paths during project management are identified and mitigating strategies
designed. However, in some instances, a critical path may not be identified in
cases of complex projects, uncertain and ambiguous projects.
Question Five
Critical path strategies may be
used to prioritize the most important elements of any project. Through this,
the project is likely to achieve the overall objective despite the numerous
issues that may be present. Among the critical path strategies that Ms. McNulty may use include
employing a crash duration that ensures the shortest time is spent in scheduling
an activity (Khushal). In this case, Ms. McNulty can work towards shifting more resources to such an
activity that will reduce the quality of work. She needs to cut off on
activities such as barbecue, swimming, massage and volleyball. Ms. McNulty may also use expansion as a
critical path strategy to achieve completion of a project. Dependencies between
terminal elements is calculated and expanded to allow for the inclusion of
other resources. Flexibility strategies ay apply in case the project is working
with estimates.
Works
Cited
Khushal Desai, PMC. “Attachment 1 – MS Grand Bend Bicycle Tour W15”. Slideshare.net.
N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/KhushalDesai1/attachment-1-ms-grand-bend-bicycle-tour-w15
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Literature
and Human Rights’ Activism
The fight for civil rights has
always been focused on achieving the extension of individual civil privileges
and liberties as well as the application of political freedom. Numerous
activists across the world have been involved in the protection of persons and
factions from oppression and discrimination facilitated by private
organizations and governments. In particular, activists such as Nelson Mandela,
Malcolm X, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr., are notable
for the efforts they applied in respect to the promotion of civil rights
despite occupying different settings and periods. Literature pays homage to the
respective persons by using them as instructional figures for teaching on
issues such as racial inequality and prejudice. For instance, schools in the United States
have applied literature in order to enable traditions centered on teaching
children about civil rights and the efforts made by Martin Luther King, Jr, especially
in respect to the plight faced by African Americans due to race-based
oppression (Jans-Thomas 1294). The recognition of these persons in literature
is also evidenced by the influence they consistently impose on contemporary
writers. For instance, the values of Gandhi have been influential in the
development of real and fictional literature across Indian writers (Batra 40). Such
literature bears a considerable relationship with activism portrayed by the
mentioned persons due to the issues that they address which interestingly
comprise the abuses and freedoms that persons such as Gandhi and Mandela fought
against and for respectively. In a study of Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost, Mullins (8) notes that the
titular protagonist is keen on reading about issues considered as breaches of
human rights in respect to the events that she witnesses in Sri Lanka regarding
the use of death squads. To this end, literature is a medium that can be used
to perpetuate justice since it can be used as a form of promoting justice and
as a resource for evaluating and implementing measures that can facilitate the
observation of civil rights (Coundouriotis 533; Wiebelhaus-Brahm 428).
Works
Cited
Batra, Shakti. “Impact of Gandhi on Indian Writing.” Indian Literature, vol. 17, no. 3, 1974, pp. 38-51.
Coundouriotis, Eleni. “Can Literature Promote Justice? Trauma Narrative
and Social Action in Latin American Testimonio (Review).” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 2, 2007, pp. 533-537.
Jans-Thomas, Susie. “Journey from Oppression: Using Literature to Teach
Civil Rights.” Dissertation, Mount
Mary College,
n. d.
Mullins, Greg. “Labors of Literature and of Human Rights.” Peace Review, vol. 20, no. 1, 2008, pp.
4-12.
Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. “Goals and Processes: The Arab World and the
Transitional Justice Impact Literature.” The
International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 20, no. 3, 2016, pp. 426-443.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Cases
Question #1 Pick a pairing of contracts law caselets discussed in class
that share a theme that deals with OFFER, ACCEPTANCE OR DAMAGES. Please
indicate if the chosen pairing relates to offer, acceptance or damages. (30 points)
A) Ferrari and the Architect, Offer. An offer
indicates a party’s willingness to enter into an agreement that is legally
binding.
B) The proponents of the both the Ferrari and
Architect caselets were in mutual agreements in regards to the promise given
and the value to be exchanged. Both the promisors, custodian of the goods in
the former case and service in the latter, adjusted their agreement leading to
their unjustified enrichment. Though both contracts were express and bilateral,
they were executory thus the transactions were set for a future date thus
amenable to changing circumstances discharging the parties of their duties. A
special performance contractual remedy is irrelevant given the presence of
alternatives.
C) While in the Architect case there was an
exchange of consideration in the form of down payment, in the Ferrari case
there was none. Acceptance of the down payment makes the former an exclusive
agreement supported by facts such as project timelines. An injunction is a provision
of contractual remedy that the affected parties in the architect case can
pursue.
Question
#2 Pick a pairing of contracts law caselets discussed in class that share a
theme that deals with presence or absence of CONSIDERATION OR RELIANCE. Please
indicate if the chosen pairing relates to consideration or reliance. (30
points)
A) Presence of Reliance (Bazemore and Red Owl
stores). Reliance – implies a change in position in the hope of fulfillment of
promise or contract.
B) In both, cases the franchiser approached
the store proprietors and entered into a quasi-contract with them. Both parties
were privy to the implications of their implied contracts. The proprietors in
both cases incurred monetary costs towards complying with the terms of the franchise
on the reliance that it would be actualized. The contract is enforceable only
to the extent of the expenses the store proprietors incurred in changing their
position (promissory estoppel). The repudiation of the contracts by franchisers
makes them liable to reliance damages to the proprietors equal to the costs
incurred towards compliance to their specifications.
C) In Bazemore’s case, the franchisers altered
their licensing fee to optimize their profits while in Red Owl Stores the
franchisor had to incorporate additional costs incurred due to market forces of
the locality. It follows that they have different holdings.
Question #3 Pick a pairing of contracts law caselets discussed in class
that share a theme that deals with the MEETING OF THE MINDS category. (20
points)
A) Rose (The Cow) and Campbell Soup. The Meeting of the Minds
implies a mutual intent or consent to enter into a legally binding agreement.
B) The contracts entered were express and
bilateral. Enforcement of the original agreement of the contracts would lead to
the unjustified enrichment of one party at the expense of the other.
C) While the enforcement of the Rose case
contract was frustrated by a change in the nature of the commodity, a mutual
mistake, the Campbell Soup contract could not be impartially enforced owing to
changes in the environmental and market forces, Act of God.
Question #4
In the Fur Coat case, the
advertisement warrants the contract to be approached as a binding agreement
given that the seller is mandated to comply with the terms of their public
offering. The contract is enforceable, and violation of the advertisement terms
makes the seller culpable of false advertising. Though the fur coat was meant
for females, it did not exclude male customers.
Question #5 (a) Why do we as a society enforce contracts?
I) Contract enforcement facilitates
business transactions, especially in a capitalistic society. Given that people
and enterprises ability to transact are hinged on compliance with contracts,
protecting them becomes critical.
II) For the sake of the
beneficiaries of contract who alter their behavior good faith of the contracts
actualization.
(b) What is the goal of awarding damages in contracts cases?
To ensure fairness and justice in
carried out. Damages prevent unjustified enrichment of one party of the
contract at the expense of another. The sanctions act as a deterrent to the
breach of contracts or promises preserving the sanctity of law at the same time
inspiring ethical behavior.
Name:
Tutor:
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Date:
Summary
Scott, Janny. “Research Controversy Hits Pages of Britannica.” Los Angeles Times, 23 Jan. 1992, pp. 145.
The article, “Research Controversy
Hits Pages of Britannica”, by Janny Scott provides a more intricate and informed
discourse on the utilization of animal subjects in biomedical subjects. The
main subject covered within the respective composition involves the controversial
guidelines that encompass the Britannica’s entry on dogs (Canines).
Accordingly, scientists and researchers have claimed the respective entry bears
an anti-vivisection pitch in respect to the species in question. Accordingly,
the author notes that, “…the Britannica’s anointed dog expert has seen fit to
include what biomedical researchers, in high dudgeon describe as a little
antivivisection agitprop” (Scott 145). Apart from this, opposition against the
Britannica’s information on dogs argues that the entry has slandered the
research processes that the animal subjects in question undergo. In fact, the entry
claims that dogs, aside from beagles and other animal species, have been
utilized in an effort to evaluate or examine the implications that arise from
the use of a range of military weapons as well as radiation incidences (Scott
145). Even though researchers have voiced their disagreements with the entry,
activism exhibited by animal rights’ enthusiasts has taken form hence
influencing an intellectual spate between the former and the latter parties
respectively. In fact, the latter, which is comprised of parties such as the
American Psychological Society and the Society for Neuroscience, have sent
letters claiming that the entry is unbalanced since it does not provide
information on the results stemming from studies conducted on the featured
animal subjects (Scott 145). Despite this, the issue, which has evolved into a
battle for authenticity as illustrated by researcher and scientists, has
encouraged significant participation in understanding research studies
performed on canines as well as other animal subjects.
Works
Cited
Scott, Janny. “Research Controversy Hits Pages of Britannica.” Los Angeles Times, 23 Jan. 1992, pp. 145.
Personality
Theories
Name:
Institution:
Personality
Theories
Freud’s
theory is the foundation of all personality theories as Adler and Rogers made their concepts
relative to his psychodynamic
psychology’s suppositions. Therefore, their theories are results of iterations
and scrutiny of Freud’s principles. Nonetheless, they all have valid
assertions. While Freud was focused on
the conflicting desires of the mind, the other two recognized that personality
is not developed in a vacuum but rather in a sociological context. My preferred
personality theory remains split between Adler’s individual psychology and Rogers’s Self-Concept owing to their united assertion of man having an innate purpose that he strives to achieve.
Freud’s
developmental theory was formed under his
umbrella of the psychodynamic psychology that gives importance to the unconscious
in determining behavior. The unconscious comprises the bulk of the mind containing
suppressed desires and thoughts that are often inconsistent with the social
values. The conscious operates when a person is awake and in full control of
their activity (Wedding & Corsini, 2013). Freud divided the personality
into the three proponents that are the ego, the id, and the superego. In a
child’s primordial state, the id takes precedence. This portion of the mind
strives to satisfy a person’s instinctual urges of sex and aggression. The id is located in the unconscious and thus operates
automatically. As the child grows, the ego develops to align the id’s wants to reality. It aids the id to
satisfy its wants in a manner acceptable
to the outside environment. Lastly, the child develops the superego that
subjects the id’s wants to the moral
values instilled by caregivers and society’s norms. The ego acts as the
mediator between the pleasure-seeking id
and the principled superego. The ego’s constant negotiations aim to minimize
the anxiety that arises when the conflicts between the two differing goals are not resolved. When the anxiety overwhelms the ego, it either confronts
the situation realigning it to its prior objectives or resorts to defense
mechanisms. Freud’s developmental theory was
divided into psychosexual stages that entailed shifts in pleasure points
around the body. Failure to satisfy the id’s needs during a person’s childhood
would lead to abnormal development (Wedding & Corsini, 2013). An
appropriate example is the first stage that occurs before a child reaches a
year – the oral stage. The mouth is the
pleasure point demanding constant gratification through sucking on the mother’s
breasts. If the child is over or under gratified, he becomes fixated on the stage.
The fixation may cause the adult to engage
unconsciously in activities that strive to gratify mouth pleasure area. Habits resulting
from the above fixation range from talkativeness, smoking, to
dependency.
Alfred
Adler was a student of Freud who rejected the conceptualization that biological cravings drive man’s behavior. Similarly,
he rejected Freud’s supposition that the mind was a battlefield of conflicting forces
(Wedding & Corsini, 2013). To Adler, personality strives to move in a
uniform direction. Adler posited that humans are
driven by social needs rather than biological urges. Man strived towards
perfection and superiority over his contemporaries. Often man fails to attain
success by social standards. Nonetheless, the ambition persists. The feelings
of inferiority cause an individual to leverage his strength to reach the social
definition of success. Growth is attained
in the process of the person striving to achieve
their goals. For instance, a differently-abled individual may resort to
academic pursuits towards reaching
significance. The goal orientation aims to compensate for the feelings of
inferiority in regards to one’s current status. Abnormal development occurs
when the goals of importance of a person surpass
their capabilities thus becoming unrealistic. Their failure to achieve the set objectives
will result in frustration. As the person perceives himself or herself as
inferior, they become insecure. Adler’s
individual psychology implies growth takes a subjective trajectory. The
creative differences in people abound, thus they
have to negotiate a balance between social connectedness and individual ambition. Every pursuit of
significance is done in a social context.
Development, according to Adler, supposes social improvement of a person as
opposed to conformity.
Carl
Rogers posited that development was informed
by a person’s subjective interaction with
his environment. Akin to Adler, Rogers’s
theory asserted that man strives towards self-actualization. Man has an innate drive to maximize his potential. A person
experiences life from a phenomenological perspective
that is with him at the center stage. Rogers implies that development is a journey
of self-awareness (Wedding & Corsini,
2013). A person’s interaction with the environment helps them to form self-concepts regarding their values and their
relative position in society. A self-concept
may be positive or negative with the latter resulting in low self-esteem. Rogers divided the self into two: the real self and the ideal self. The
ideal self is the culmination of a person’s hopes and dreams about his
potentialities, whereas the real self is
the actual person in their current capacity. Normal
development seeks to create congruence between the real self and the ideal self. Conversely, perpetual inconsistencies
between the two result in maladjusted development. Similarly, a person will self-actualize if they grew up in an
environment of unconditional positive regard. Therefore, they do not have to
modify their self-concept to conform to
set conditions for attaining positive regard.
References
Wedding, D., & Corsini, R. J. (2013). Current Psychotherapies.
Cengage Learning.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Film
Analysis: Training Rules
In the
documentary, Training Rules, Rene
Portland was involved in the creation of a hostile environment that was discriminatory
and prejudicial especially on basis of sexual predispositions and inclinations.
Regarding the way she handled Penn State’s women basketball team, Portland was responsible for implementing
regulations that did not favor players or recruits that expressed an
inclination towards homosexuality. In fact, Portland
openly expressed her dislike for lesbians further utilizing her personal
preferences in an effort to dictate Penn
State’s basketball
program (Training Rules). Based on
this, Portland
was capable of instituting a framework that openly discriminated against
homosexual players for nearly 27 years.
The regulations
that Portland
established, especially in respect to lesbian players affected some of the
recruits considerably. In particular, Christine and Corrine Gulas were openly
shamed into departing from the team because of their sexual status. Players
such as Courtney Wicks, Lisa Faloon, and Cindy Davies also underwent similar
experiences in respect to their stances on homosexuality, which were openly
discarded by Portland
(Training Rules). Hence, in order to
avert the consequences, the respective players tried to either hide their true
status by lying that they had heterosexual relations as shown by Faloon’s
actions (Training Rules). Others such
as Wicks joined other college basketball teams and exited from the team as
shown by Davies’ exemption from the team (Training
Rules).
Administrators
chose not to take any substantive action against the actions depicted by Portland even though they
violated the 1992 anti-discrimination policy (Training Rules). This may have been due to the effect that allowing
homosexuality would have been imposed especially in terms of generating cash
flow (Oriard 30). By disregarding its own ethics policy, the Penn State
administration clearly exhibited signs that depicted the extent to which hegemonic
views on sexuality or sexual predisposition openly influence societal views on
what is acceptable. In terms of the institution, the NCAA stance may be
interpreted in terms of the significance that profits possess in contrast to
policies and concerns (Oriard 65). At this point, the commercialization of
sports has made it possible for organizations to disregard their policies in
order to sustain profitable outcomes.
Works
Cited
Oriard, Michael. Bowled Over: Big-time College Football from the
Sixties to the BCS Era. University
of North Carolina Press,
2009.
Training Rules. Directed by Dee
Mosbacher and Fawn Yacker, performances by Lisa Faloon, Jennifer Harris,
Christine Gulas, Corrine Gulas, Cindy Davies, and Courtney Wicks, n. d. 2009.
Crime Prevention through Community Policing: A Fellowship Research
Project
Name:
Institution:
Crime through Community Policing: A Fellowship Project
Research Design and Method
Sampling Frame.
The target population will be limited to inhabitants of the state of Arizona that are legally
adults, persons 18 years and above, police officers notwithstanding. The study
will deviate from contemporary tradition by including members of the populace
that have previous major altercations with the police force to the point of
incarceration. This hitherto isolated segment may perspectives may be crucial
for a holistic approach to community policing asset in prevalent studies (Cordner,
2014). Given the significant scope of the state, the study will focus on three
key geographies for comparison purpose, Arizona’s
most volatile crime hot spot, an area with moderate crime rates, and lastly the
area with the lowest crime rate. However, the areas will have to possess a
population of over 5,000 people to meet the threshold.
The study will utilize both systematic sampling and
simple random sampling techniques. I will leverage the systematic sampling to
choose the counties that meet the population and crime rate criteria.
Similarly, the systematic sampling will be used to identify population segments
that are already active in community policing take advantage of their rich
insights from first-hand experiences (Cordner, 2014).. The simple random
sampling will be employed within the counties to ensure that the all its demographics
irrespective of social background, race, or religious affiliation are included.
In the spirit of community policing, I will strive to perform the study with
collaboration with the local police stations.
The diversity of experiences with the police and
community policing will aid enrich the study’s findings. To this end, the
sampling methodology will generalize the population by ensuring that the
participants are representative of every geographical situation with an
emphasis in both rural and metropolitan areas (Studdert & Walkerdine,
2016). The rationalization of the above is that the countryside has close-knit
phenomena that the study’s purpose strives to replicate at a larger scale. The
study will endeavor to remain impartial by placing an equal premium on all
participants’ perspectives, reformed felons, police officer, as well as the
model citizen.
Research Design.
The nature of the research questions demands qualitative beyond the usual
quantitative design as the former will not suffice. The essence of the
quantitative design is to give the study statistical validity. On the other
hand, the qualitative design will go a step further to collect the
participants’ opinions expect or otherwise on the way forward from community
policing. As such, the responses are bound to be subjective with a centralizing
tendency used to highlight the overarching issues.
My research method of choice will be surveying due to
cost effectiveness and ability to administer it from a remote location. The
data collection tool will be the open-ended questionnaire with an upper cap of
100 words for each question. Once identified, the questionnaires will be mailed
to the participants’ addresses.
The status of the participants concerning being a
civilian or a police agent will be noted. Other variables of interest are the
relation of an individual to a police officer and history of encounters with
the law enforcement agencies (Studdert & Walkerdine, 2016). The former may
include if the person has frequent interactions with the criminal justice
system, for instance, a lawyer. Given the approach of the police power theory
to crime as a struggle for scarce resources, the socioeconomic status of the
respondents will be of interest.
After the responses have been collected, I will perform a
statistical analysis of the replies. Subsequently, comparative analysis of the
data by crime rate will be carried out. The responses that lie on either
extreme of the will used to identify areas for further study.
While the validity of the findings can only be
ascertained after the survey’s completion, the reliability will be ensured by a
proper articulation of the questions. The questions will be simply phrased to
elicit a clear response from the average citizen regardless of their academic
background. Reliability will be further promoted by carrying out the survey at
a neutral period, a distance from polarizing events such as terrorist attacks,
major crime, or election time.
Ethics – Human Subjects
Participation in
the survey will be voluntary, and it will be clarified from the outset that no
incentive fiscal or non-monetary is to be expected. Even the participants who
will opt out after receipt of the questionnaires will not be aggressively
followed in a manner that invades their privacy (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann,
2013). The identities of the respondents will remain anonymous with the access
to the identifying details limited to the primary researcher. For instance, the
ID numbers of the law enforcement agents will be stripped off before publication.
Unique cases that may warrant case studies of an individual’s experience will
be done after the person gives permission and even then, his or her anonymity
will persist. The questionnaires will be mailed to the participants to allow
them to fill them at the comfort of their households. The above will help
prevent the undue duress accompanied to supervision. The police will fill their
questionnaires while on duty to protect their professional distinction while
maintaining convenience. The study will not discriminate the views of former
inmates. Despite their disenfranchisement, their views remain critical to the
study. Confidentiality and impartiality will be the driving attributes of the
study. The study will phrase the questions in a format that desist from
provoking negative reactions.
References
Cordner, G. (2014). Community policing. The Oxford handbook of police and policing,
148-171.
Miller, L. S., Hess, K. M., & Orthmann, C. M. (2013). Community
policing: Partnerships for problem solving. Nelson Education.
Studdert, D., & Walkerdine, V. (2016). Community Policing. In Rethinking
Community Research (pp. 187-210). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Student:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Project
Plan Introduction Memo
TO: David Mormon, Marketing Manager
FROM: Name, Marketing Planner
DATE: November 24, 2016
SUBJECT: Project Plan Introduction
for Zara
Purpose
The following memorandum focuses
mainly on the introduction of the marketing plan developed for Zara. Over the
years, Zara has been involved in significant marketing campaigns, which have
contributed to its considerable performance, especially in the fashion
industry. However, the entry of new competitors necessitates the significance
of establishing a marketing plan that will detail a plausibly effective
promotional strategy for the organization in question.
Discussion
In overview, the marketing plan
developed for Zara will generally reflect
the advancements that the organization
has undergone since its incorporation in 1975 (Inditex “Zara”). As a major
retailer of clothing as well as
accessories, Zara has managed to undergo international expansion based on the
success of its business (Inditex “Zara”). Based on its humble beginnings in Galicia, Spain, under the helm of Amancio
Ortega, Zara is an illustration of a fashion retailer that has managed to
captivate success especially in respect to the popularity that it possesses in
the contemporary global fashion sector as a pioneer in the respective field
(Inditex “Zara”). Despite its success as an international retailer, Zara is still focused on ensuring global expansion
especially across key locations that will assert its dominance across Europe. For instance, the retailer plans to unveil more
than 50 shops in the state of Russia
each year (Kreknina para. 3). With Russia
being a key market for the retailer and the parent group, Inditex, Zara is
expected to capitalize on the respective
setting hence illustrating its continued inclination towards international
expansion (Kreknina para. 4).
Closing
The marketing plan, specifically developed for Zara, asserts the
strategies that the organization can implement to
realize its objectives especially concerning international expansion. Despite
challenges associated with the gathering of information, the overall plan is
beneficial since it provides a concrete
introduction and depiction of Zara’s efforts towards ensuring its success in a
fast-paced world.
Works
Cited
Inditex. “Zara.” Inditex, n. d. http://www.inditex.com/en/brands/zara.
Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
Kreknina, Aleksandra. “Zara Plans to Open Over 50 Shops in Russia Every
Year”. Russia beyond the Headlines, 25 Oct. 2012 http://rbth.com/articles/2012/10/25/zara_plans_to_open_over_50_shops_in_russia_every_year_19449.html.
Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
Essay
The
advancement in technology has generated the possibility of self-driving or
autonomous vehicles. In fact, leading technology organizations such as Google
have been involved in the development and production of the respective cars.
Despite the arguments established against the novel automobiles, it is evident
that autonomous cars are a clear illustration of the extent to which the
progression of technology has become prominent especially in the contemporary
age. The recent development of the vehicles in question has elicited specific
favorable arguments. More specifically, it has been argued that autonomous cars
can actually be readily susceptible to vehicle-based accidents. Accordingly,
proponents of the respective argument claim that pedestrians may be incapable
of understanding the actions of
self-driving cars. Furthermore, they also argue that self-driving cars
may find it difficult to establish ethical decisions that human drivers on a
normal basis.
Foremost,
it is arguable that autonomous cars may be subjected to accidents since they do
not possess attributes associated with decision making in traditional driving.
Even though Dolgov (2016) evidently argues that autonomous cars are involved in
accidents as an outcome of errors
committed by human drivers, other arguments assert that self-driving cars may
be incapable of engaging in the decision-making process implemented by human
beings. For instance, one argument posits that self-driving cars may confuse
pedestrians since they do not possess the qualities evident in conventional
vehicles (LaFrance para. 2). In addition to this, it is argued that the
appearance of autonomous vehicles evidently assumes a considerable role
especially if such cars are to become integrated into the current environment
(LaFrance para. 2).
The
possibility of self-driving cars has raised further arguments based on ethical
concerns. Proponents argue that self-driving cars can be increasingly
susceptible to accidents primarily because of their automated features which do
not require traditional automotive controls (LaFrance para. 1). Nonetheless,
this is refutable since autonomous cars have been shown to rarely cause such
instances. According to the Self-Driving Monthly Report by Google, accidents in
which self-driving cars were involved were largely caused by human error
(Dolgov, 2016). Despite this, some sides of the argument contend that
self-driving cars may be incapable of operating similarly to human drivers
(LaFrance, 2016). Despite the rational nature of this argument, self-driving
cars are able to operate effectively in roads due to changes in software that
have allowed them to mimic social behaviors and cues commonly used by human
drivers (Dolgov, 2016).
Despite
the favorable arguments for self-driving cars, other arguments posit concerns
that these vehicles may find it challenging to engage in decision-making since
they lack ethical traits. While self-driving cars may be programmed to observe
structural cues in roads such as traffic lights, they are not able to make
decisions from an ethical standpoint, (Lin 69).
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Car
Assembly
The SolidWorks
Tutorial focuses on the basics involved in the assembly of a vehicle.
Interestingly, the video begins by providing an overview of the sections that
will comprise the respective discussion. Using a toy car as an illustration of
the assembly process, the tutorial concentrates on the different elements that
comprise the procedure in question. These constitute the parts of the car, the
assemblies, the sketch, the extrude and extrude cut, the linear pattern, and
the revolve pattern. In respect to these subjects, the assembly is comprised of
different part designs that are implemented in order to construct a model toy
car. The objective of this task involves the appropriate application of the
SolidWorks Software in order to design and develop assemblies.
In the
discussion, the tutorial looks at the different parts that comprise the overall
toy car hence allowing it to function effectively. Each part is depicted and
assessed clearly in order to offer an understanding of the operation that it
contributes towards the vehicle’s efficiency. Foremost, the instruction manual
focuses on the design of the back brick and the front brick, which form the
foundation of the finished toy car. Accordingly, the tutorial offers a
discourse on the way the bricks’ design affects the assembly of the toy car.
Aside from the
back bricks and front bricks, the instruction manual also provides a synopsis
of other imperative factors of the car such as the steering wheel, the wheels
and the chassis, which come together in order to form the toy car. To this end,
the discussion regarding the assembly of the toy car is predisposed towards the
back brick. Accordingly, the back brick is imperative since it establishes the
groundwork for the formulation and design of the toy car.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Assistant Designer
Job Contract
I am
writing to express my interests for the position of an assistant fashion
designer in your organization.
Since my
admission in the university, I have been exposed to various experiences and challenges
including relevant positions in the school fashion program. It has been my
dream to work as a professional fashion designer and expand my knowledge and
expertise in the field. As a major in fashion design, I have learnt that
fashion design is all about understanding the environment and the people before
creating any piece. In university, I learnt that the assistant fashion designer
plays an important role in the achievement of most project deadlines. I had to
learn the different scopes of work in the fashion, graphics and interior
environments before taking up any task. I was engaged in evaluating and
segmenting the market trends and materials to ascertain the desirable scope of
concept is designed for the specific market. I have also been offered various
awards in school such as the Student Designer of the year award.
In the course of my education, my
lecturers and supervisors taught me the diverse aspects of design that I have
seen employed in the real work environment. I developed CAD flats and stripe
patters for various constructions. Because of the strictness that is placed of
fashion design, my sketching skills have improved significantly. My internship
supervisors have often commended me for the design recaps that I employ in most
of the design sketches. I learnt that most issues that are evident in fashion
design include the validation of finished products for any inconsistency. An
easy way would be to use the hand feel to identify any differences between
finished and unfinished designs. My supervisor, an expert designer has proven
to be of great assistance with the practical assistance that he has offered
over the years.
In addition
to the engaging aspect that fashion design provides to me, I believe that the
career is promising and the prospects for improvement are imminent. As
technology and modernization become integral parts of the society, the fashion
design industry is at the verge of incorporating such improvements. The use of
computerization and graphics blended with virtual instruments provides an
avenue for an improved practice. My exposure to the computerized aspects
provides me with the opportunity to employ my knowledge in the field to come up
with unique elements and designs. With my increased interest to learn and
pursue complex technological and educational systems will come in handy while
handling challenging situations.
With the
increased value of diversity in fashion design, I believe that my ability to
blend into the work environment will prove relevant while approaching activities
and tasks. I am quite flexible and available to work on a variety of projects
instituted by my supervisors. I am open to a contract where I can work for 40
hours each week for 50 weeks in the year. The reputation built by your company
offers me an opportunity to access a variety of resources, facilities and diverse
duties. I enjoy working with lace and silk to design home décor pieces as I
experiment more with children designs.
I believe
that your company has a proactive and equipped team of experts that will implement
the contractual terms and the reference checks during a sitting interview.
I look
forward to hearing from you.
My chosen topic is Labour Economic 1) Be based on empirical research (primary and/or secondary data) – findings. 2) Contain the analysis section looking back at findings in the context of theory 3) Should include implications section 4) As well as few other elements (much expanded bibliography in Harvard style, appendices, etc.)
Summative assignment: Short
research proposal (maximum 3000 words +/-10%, excluding
bibliography) – 100% of the overall mark for the module (Dissertation part
1)
A research
proposal will:
clearly define the topic you’re
interested inshow your understanding of your
research areashow you have started to
identify and (at least tentatively) developed an original and interesting
research questiondemonstrate you understand how
to conduct researchbe well-structured and clearinclude a bibliography and
in-text referencing
Please note that the word limits associated with the respective
sections are guideline limits – you may use some discretion in terms of
the word count of these sections (the total word count is 3000, +/-10%, plus
bibliography).
Structure:
A) Introduction
Introduce the area of research
and provide a brief summary of the main points and conclusions of your proposal
(approx. 250 words)
B) Theoretical background and research focus
Review key publications and
themes (briefly)Include hypotheses (if
applicable)Your aims and objectives, and
research questions
(approx. 1000-1200 words)
C) Justification and contextualization
Why is your research important?Why is it important to find
what you are trying to find?How will it build on the
existing body of evidence?Is it timely? Does it respond
to an existing need? What makes it so?
(approx. 600 words)
D) Methodology
How will you achieve the research aims?
Present the proposed research methodology (e.g. research paradigm, methodological
approach, methods, techniques, sample size, target populations, equipment and
data analysis, if applicable) and explain why is it the most appropriate way to
effectively answer the research question. Have you considered (and disregarded)
any alternatives? (approx. 600 words)
The methodology section should also include
a brief ‘Access and ethics’ section, which discusses what you consider to be
the key ethical implications of your work and it should also explain how you
will gain access to the research field, i.e. how you will find the information
you need (approx. 100 words). It will also comprise ‘limitations’ section: Are
there any limitations or downsides of your selected research strategy? How are
they counterweighting the advantages? (approx. 100 words)
(approx. 800 words altogether)
E) Bibliography
Assessment Grid
Assessment category and its contribution to the overall
mark.
80-100
70 -79
60-69
50 -59
40 -49
Fail
Theoretical background
20%
Selective and
clearly focussed elaboration of the academic issues underpinning the
research.
Critiques the
relevance of the material drawn from extensive reading.
Selective and
clearly focussed elaboration of the academic issues underpinning the
research. Evidence of extensive reading around the topic.
A substantial
elaboration of academic material underpinning the research question.
Good use of
academic sources.
Just sufficient
use of relevant sources.
Lack of focus on
research question.
Limited academic
support for the research question.
Some irrelevant
material.
Over-use of
general internet sources.
Use of only one or
two sources (or none).
The relevance of the research question (to society and to
your discipline) and how it links with the theoretical background
40%
Excellent and
original research question very clearly embedded in the existing literature
and addressing a well defined issue of high importance.
Clear and original
research question embedded in the existing literature and addressing a well
defined issue.
Relatively clear
research question, to some extent embedded in the existing literature and
addressing a well defined issue. There is room for improvement, however.
Research question
is made explicit, and an attempt to embed it in the existing literature is
made, however it is not very clear what issue is being addressed (or its
importance is not clearly stated).
Research question
is not well embedded in the existing literature and does not address any
important issue in any clear way.
Research question
is very unclear and it is disconnected from the literature, or the research
question is non-existing.
Methodology
25%
Methodology is
very consistent with the research question and the presented understanding of
the methodological issues (such as research paradigms, alignment between
methodology and methods chosen for the research) is excellent. Very clear and
concise discussion of limitations and ethical issues is present.
Methodology is
consistent with the research question and the presented understanding of the
methodological issues (such as research paradigms, alignment between
methodology and methods chosen for the research) is very good. Clear and concise discussion
of limitations and ethical issues is present.
Methodology is
generally consistent with the research question, however certain aspects of
the link between them could have been better explained. The presented understanding of the
methodological issues is appropriate. Discussion of the limitations and
ethical issues is present.
Methodology is
somewhat consistent with the research question, however there remain question
marks regarding how certain aspects of the question will be addressed by the
selected methodology. The presented understanding of the methodological
issues is mostly adequate, however with multiple areas for improvement. Some
attempt at discussing limitations and ethical issues.
Methodology is not
fully consistent with the research question, and numerous doubts arise
regarding how the question will be addressed by the selected methodology. The
presented understanding of the methodological issues is mostly inadequate.
The discussion of limitations and ethical issues is either too brief or
incomplete.
Methodology is not
consistent with the research question, thus it is doubtful that the question
will be addressed by the selected methodology. The presented understanding of
the methodological issues is mostly inadequate. No attempt to discuss
limitations and ethical issues.
Structure and clarity of expression
Referencing and bibliography
15%
Excellent.
Flawless.
Fluent, clear.
Correct use of terminology and English. Careful proofreading.
Correctly cited
and listed.
Mostly clear. Very
few grammatical or spelling errors.
Minor flaws and
omissions.
Some points unclear.
Most words correctly spelt.
Adequate but some
omissions.
Many points
unclear. Some misuse of words and
grammatical errors. Careless proof reading.
Poor and
incomplete.
Difficult to
understand. Spelling grammar and general use of English needs urgent
attention.
None.
Drone Delivery Case Study college application essay help
You are an intern at a manufacturing facility. Your boss,
the production manager, has seen consumer surveys supporting drone
delivery of small packages. She thinks there may be an opportunity for
the company to begin manufacturing package delivery drones. She would
like your help in preparing a judgmental forecast.
The production manager has a list of 200 leaders of package delivery
companies and large online retailers that could purchase drones. Your
assignment is below.
Develop a 10-question survey. Theoretically, you would be asked to send
the survey to the 200 leaders, and their responses would help create a
forecast of the potential for entering the business of manufacturing
package delivery drones.
Write a two-page business report to the production manager. Start by
providing the link to the survey you created. Then, explain in detail
why you included the questions you did and how they will help with the
forecast. Suggest at least two other sources of opinions that can also
contribute to the forecast.
Be creative as far as the format of the report is concerned; however,
make certain to include a title page and reference page in addition to
your two pages of content. Use at least one outside source, and make
certain that your references are formatted in APA style.
Professional
Associations
Name
Institution
Professional
Associations
American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA)
The association’s main objective is
concerned with elevating the hospitality industry and providing a voice for the
industry. It represents all the segments of the hotel industry including bed
and breakfasts, independent hotels, and major hotel chains. The association
charges students $45 per year as the membership fee. Membership to the
organization is important in enabling the members to become aware of the latest
trends in the industry. The members get a free magazine, resources for research
and industry data, free reports on issues concerning sustainability, government
affairs, and many others. In addition, the members get select discount on
different services. There are different categories for membership including
independent properties, academia, allied, international, management, branded
properties, under 30 gateway membership, and women in lodging. Members get the
chance to network with others in the industry. Those looking for employment can
access the online database and increase their chance of getting work. The
association offers certification through the American Hotel & Lodging
Educational institute.
Healthcare Convention and Exhibitors Association (HCEA)
The association has three main
member groups and it represents healthcare exhibitors, industry suppliers, and
medical associations. Charges for corporate memberships range from $395 to
$895. Association members pay between $495 and $695. Membership for industry
partners cost between $695 and $895. The association determines the dues for
membership based on the gross revenue of the company. Members get several
benefits such as discounts on events. They get the chance to interact with
others in the industry. Other benefits include access to online member
directory, database for medical meetings, as well as access to education
resources and industry research and studies.
International Food, Wine & Travel Writers Association (IFWTWA)
The organization has members from
all around the world. The members write about different issues concerning the
hospitality and lifestyle industry and other main promoters in the industry. Some
of the issues covered include special events and festivals, historical features
and fairs, adventure activities, and ecology (IFWTWA, 2017). First year
initiation fee for regular, associate, and student member is $50 and the annual
fees are $170, $255, and $105 respectively. Associated members get promotion opportunities
and a press page. The benefits available to all members include networking
opportunities, access to the association’s YouTube Channel, market reduced
rates, access to events, press passes, and discounts. The association organizes
different trips and events, which are only available to its members. The
association organizes its activities and operations through the contribution of
its members and it does not have employment opportunities.
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA)
CLIA is the major organization for
players in the global cruise line industry. It has global operations and its
members are from different regions including Asia, Australasia, Europe, and South America. CLIA is concerned with the needs of the
industry, clients, and members. It is dedicated towards improving the industry
and maximizing the value for the clients. The association has several events.
It provides networking opportunities for its members. In addition, the members
get the chance to meet with different sponsors at events hosted by the
association. The association provides certification programs. It provides in
person training, online course, and other forms of training. It has employment
opportunities and its employees enjoy different forms of benefits such as
medical and dental, retirement savings plan, and education assistance.
The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)
The association has members from 190
countries. This includes more than 750 organizations and over 15,000
individuals. It has different categories of membership including traveler,
student, professional, and organization. Fee for professional membership is $80
per year. Organization members pay an annual fee of between $185 and $1,250
annually based on the benefits they want. Student members receive membership at
a discounted fee of $40 per year. Travel members do not have to pay anything
for their membership. The members get several benefits including marketing and
publicity tools and, networking and capacity building opportunities. The members
get access to educational tools and resources, including reports and
publications. Organizational members receive professional membership
registration for their employees. The members get to advertise and market their
brands. In addition, becoming a member is a way of supporting eco tourism initiatives
Becoming a
member of an association is an important and effective way to interact with
other players in the industry. It opens up many opportunities for the members.
Some of them get to expand their operations. In addition, the members get the
chance to learn about the latest trends in the market. Ultimately, the decision
to join an association will depend on the area of interest. I can only join the
IFWTWA if I have an interest in journalism and writing. However, this is not
the case and I do not think that I will join the organization. There is a
possibility of joining TIES and HCEA. TIES is open to all who are interested in
eco tourism, irrespective of their specific occupation. HCEA combines different
categories including health and hospitality, and I believe that it would be
value for money. I have not thought of working in the cruising industry and
there is a less likelihood of joining CLIA. However, the association does
provide many benefits for those who choose to join.
References:
AHLA (2016). Membership. American
Hotel and Lodging Association. Retrieved from https://www.ahla.com/membership
CLIA (2016). Cruise line members. Cruise
Lines International Association. Retrieved from http://www.cruising.org/cruise-vacationer/member-cruise-lines
HCEA (2017). Benefits: Why join HCEA. Healthcare
Convention and Exhibitors Association. Retrieved from http://www.hcea.org/benefits/
IFWTWA (2017). About IFWTWA. International
Food, Wine & Travel Writers Association. Retrieved from http://ifwtwa.org/about-ifwtwa
TIES (2017). 5 reasons why joining TIES is a smart choice. The International Ecotourism Society. Retrieved
from http://www.ecotourism.org/smart-choice
Module
2
Student’s
Name:
Institution
Affiliation:
Module
2
Crisis
management in business refers to the activities of identifying vulnerability,
predicting the risks that might materialize because of the vulnerabilities and
the formulation of contingency plans to mitigate the risks. Consequently,
crises management entails the three areas of a business: products, services,
and operations (Bernstein, 2011).
Crises management helps one to find out the business vulnerability, predict
possible risks, and plan on how to mitigate the losses in case the risk
materializes.
The case of the ex-hotel manager who now runs
a dog-walking business, several applications of crises management may be
considered. The business was previously run by the owner alone, but with the increase
in the number of customers, he hired one assistant. Like any other business,
the dog-walking business may have vulnerabilities in terms of the products,
services, and operation it partakes
(Crandall, Parnell & Spillan, 2013). For that reason, it is
imperative that the owner assesses the risks and vulnerability that might face
each of these critical areas of his business.
Several threats
face the service, product, and operations aspects of the new business. In
particular, substandard services, lack of enough personnel to walk all the dogs
in time and lack of proper customer service. The owner may mitigate these risks
by ensuring that the owner has adequate, well-trained workers with excellent
people skills (Jolanta, 2015).
The product aspect faces the threats of the dogs being infected with contagious
diseases or being injured while in the care of the business owner all the
assistant. The owner should ensure that none of the dogs is infected. Moreover,
instill in his workers the need for observing diligence in the course of their
work (Kaplan & Mikes, 2012).
Finally, the operation of the business may be adversely affected by lack of proper
business permits and lack of observing all the relevant regulations regarding
the business (FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency.,
1993). The owner should ensure that he has paid all the necessary fees
to ensure that his business is has observed all the regulations to continue
with its operations.
References
Bernstein, J. (2011). Manager’s guide to crisis
management. McGraw Hill Professional.
Crandall, W. R., Parnell, J.
A., & Spillan, J. E. (2013). Crisis
management: Leading in the new strategy landscape. Sage Publications.
FEMA – Federal Emergency
Management Agency. (1993). Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry
#141. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/bizindst.pdf
Jolanta, M. A. J. (2015).
Diversity Management’s Stakeholders and Stakeholders Management. In Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL
MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE (Vol.
9, No. 1, pp. 780-793). Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
Kaplan, R. S., & Mikes,
A. (2012). Managing risks: A new framework. Harvard
Business Review.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Small
Business Commission Summaries
Agenda
3
This
agenda was reporting and assessing different applications for registration including
Acción Latina, Boudin Bakery, Faxon Garage, and Retro Fit. These businesses would
be included in the Legacy Business Registry Program after a detailed review.
They were recommended in different ways and included staff report, case report,
and a resolution form the historic preservation. Acción Latina was lauded as a necessary
organization that would empower the Latina
community through social and economic approaches. Boudin Bakery was mentioned as
an establishment that had stayed on for several decades amid economic depressions
(Office of Small Business 90). The bakery engages in several community initiatives.
Faxon Garage has been at the helm of repairing numerous American-assembled
vehicles. Lastly, Retro Fit serves most of the LGBT and artistic communities in
the Valencia
region. All the business received a clean bill of health and fully qualified
for the Legacy Business registry as Legacy Businesses (Small Business
Commission 16). This agenda was concerned with identifying the needy businesses
and organizations that deserve public funding and support. The commissioners
and members of the public extended their opinions and concerns over the
decision.
Agenda
4
This
agenda was concerned with the reorganization issues that emerged in the city
planning department. This item was presented by Aaron Starr, the manager of
legislative affairs. He mentioned that currently there was a need to make major
changes in the definitions of most of the terminology. These changes also
affected Sunset NCD Amendments, North Beach NCD, and SUD1 Amendments. In general,
Aaron Starr created a list of vocabulary that he needed the Commissioners to
approve (Office of Small Business 78). After this, he offered a list of the proposed
amendments in the planning code. Particularly, the agenda was focused on
amending the planning code to make it easier to understand and implement. Some
of the areas that were addressed in this agenda include permission for bars and
liquor stores (Small Business Commission 79). There was a general agreement
that this issue was concluded and that everyone should move forward. In the
same way, the commissioners and members of the public were given the chance to
express their opinions. Since it was an action item, it demanded the vote of the
commissioners. Commissioner Adams was absent from the proceedings. All of them
were asked for their stand and the motion was approved for the next phase.
Agenda
5
The
next agenda was focused on non-profit registration requirements. Grace O’Connor
and Gustavo Bojorquez from the Office of the Treasurer made the presentation. There
were significant concerns that the process of business registration in San Francisco was very
complicated and bureaucratic. Grace O’Connor went through the existing requirements
and regulations in the state. She consequently covered the online system of making
a business registration as well as the associated partners (Office of Small
Business 45). One of the commissioners, Paul Tour Sarkissian, questioned the
threshold that businesses had to meet before being registered. The issue of counting
days and physically appearing were mentioned. People who are operating in the
city for over a week had to register their business (Small Business Commission 64).
This applied to both profit and non-profit businesses. The President of the commission,
Mark Dwight asked about the measures taken to inform transportation companies about
the changes in the regulations. The panel was interested in implementing
compliance rather than enforcement.
Works
Cited
Office of Small Business. Small Business Commission Meeting Agenda. http://sanfrancisco.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=45&clip_id=27453,
2017, Accessed 4 Apr. 2017.
Small Business Commission. Small Business Commission Meeting Agenda held
on March 27. 2017, Granicus.
Quality
in the Provision of Transitional Care for Elderly Patients
Name:
Institution:
Quality
in the Provision of Transitional Care for Elderly Patients
Introduction to the Problem
Transitional
care generally comprises a plethora of
activities designed and developed to
guarantee the harmonization and stability of care as clients undergo transfer
between different vicinities and locations or between
different degrees of care in a
particular setting or location within a healthcare institution. In this
respect, quality constitutes an imperative
element that should be observed.
Accordingly, quality of transitional care is represented by particular dimensions. These involve safe and
injury-free care to patients, effectiveness, and adherence to best practice,
and patient-centered care. Such elements are imperative in ensuring the
implementation of quality particularly within the scope of transitional care. For
patients, such as the elderly, placing emphasis on the quality of transitional
care is imperative due to the vulnerability that affects the populace in
question. Even though elderly patients are
exposed to risks associated with transitional care, researched
information on the respective issue is
lacking. Additionally, information on the interventions that can be implemented to
improve quality transitional nursing is limited
considerably further necessitating the importance of this study.
Identification of the Problem
Elderly
individuals, particularly those that are past 70 years, are usually in need of
healthcare treatment. In fact, a significant population of the individuals
within this age group tends to possess a set of multifaceted care demands and
needs (Storm, Siensen, Laugaland, Dyrstad, & Aase, 2014). Such demands are attributable to common disorders
that affect elderly people. These
comprise physical impairments, chronic ailments, and disabilities associated
with individual cognition such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. In this
respect, the provision of transitional care, despite its significance towards
the improvement of health, naturally exposes them towards risks, specifically
adverse events (Storm et al., 2014). Such conditions may arise from intrinsic
factors such as insufficient follow-up/check-up care services, lack of carer preparation with respect to the patient in terms
of transitional care, and misunderstandings about prescriptions and
medications. Additional reasons that may lead to the respective risks involve poly-pharmacy, missing information and
overdue communication, errors in data exchange, and unsuccessful coordination
or organization of services among care providers (Storm et al., 2014). Such
events may lead to increased rehospitalization
risks, mortality, and supplementary adverse situations.
Significance of Problem to Nursing
Exploring the
vulnerabilities that elderly patients undergo in
relation to the provision of transitional care is important to nursing because it represents an
integral element of quality in overall care. In fact, transfer of fundamental
data and increasing responsibilities for patient care between care providers is
imperative with respect to incorporating
quality within transitional care. Additionally, the proposed study on the issue
adds significant information with respect to
the scope of transitional nursing. This is evidenced by the lack of information
surrounding the impact of low-quality transitional care during patient handover
(Coleman & Boult, 2003). Elderly individuals that possess convoluted health
issues normally gain care from several
providers (Naylor & Keating, 2008). As such, they tend to move recurrently
across and within healthcare environments (Naylor & Keating, 2008). Studies
further assert that the respective
population is significantly exposed
towards undergoing discontinuity in terms of
care as well as adverse events derived from ineffectively executed handovers or
transitions (Naylor & Keating, 2008). Such assertions or findings clearly
establish the significance of the problem to nursing by addressing the lack of
focus by healthcare institutions towards
improving transitional care among the clients or patients that regularly
utilize it.
Purpose of the Research
The purpose of
the study is to provide information on the significance of increasing quality of transitional care in relation to elderly patients. In fact, the study is genuinely
focused on accentuating quality in transitional nursing by concentrating on its
implications on the respective populace.
As asserted, aged individuals are exposed
to risks such as adverse events that are derived considerably from moving
across different settings and care facilities (Storm et al., 2014).
Interestingly, such events may affect the health of the individuals in
questions especially if the quality of care is minimal or unsatisfactory as required
(Naylor & Keating, 2008). In this respect, the research is aimed at assessing the notion of quality of transitional care from the perspective of
elderly patients. Furthermore, since information is lacking on the subject, the
research utilizes the drawback as a platform to provide applicable knowledge on the imperative
nature of providing quality transitional care for elderly patients as well as
other clients that require such services.
Research Questions
What are the uncertainties associated with transitions
of aged patients across different
sections of healthcare providers, specifically primary and secondary providers?How can different facets of transitions regarding
elderly patients elucidate or illustrate the quality of the respective
service across the stated healthcare providers?How are transitions for the aged performed across
primary and secondary healthcare providers?What approaches can be
implemented to increase
quality in transitions for the elderly across all care providers?
Master’s Essentials Aligned with Topic
The Master’s
Essentials that align with the topic in question comprise quality improvement
and safety. Accordingly, the notion of quality improvement is evident at every level of the healthcare institution. The
focus on transitional care as per the proposed study clearly stresses on the
improvement of quality among primary and secondary providers. In this context,
the study is focused on addressing the
implications that arise from ineffective
transitional care, specifically among elderly patients. In addition to this,
the study also provides recommendations or approaches that can be implemented in order to enable consistent
quality improvement. The scope of the study
further reiterates the importance of implementing quality across the healthcare
provider for the nursing fraternity.
References
Coleman, E. A., & Boult, C. (2003). Improving the quality of
transitional care for persons with complex care needs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 556-557.
Naylor, M., & Keating, S. A. (2008). Transitional Care: Moving
patients from one care setting to another. The American Journal of Nursing, 58,
1-8.
Storm, M., Siensen, I. M. D., Laugaland,
K. A., Dyrstad, D. N., & Aase, K. (2014). Quality in transitional care of
the elderly: Key challenges and relevant improvement measures. International Journal of Integrated Care,
14(2), 1-15.
Discussion
Name:
Institution:
Discussion
1. Karl
Marx and Adam Smith possessed rather conflicting views regarding the concept
involving the division of labor and its implications on the wellbeing of
laborers. On one hand, the respective theorists agreed on the Labor Theory of
Value (Marx, Moore, Aveling, & Engels, 1887). Accordingly, the respective
premise asserted that the value of a good or a commodity was dependent on the
labor injected. On the other hand, Marx and Smith differed on the effects of
the division of labor. Marx theorized that dividing laborers into different
specializations succeeded in alienating them hence rendering them for
exploitation and dehumanization (Marx, Moore, Aveling, & Engels, 1887).
Alternately, Smith argued that the division of labor was an exercise that
encouraged benefits for the firm as well as the household (Smith, 2007). More
specifically, by providing workers with particular obligations, it was possible
for laborers to exercise significant skill by being isolated in one area of
production (Smith, 2007). Despite this, Marx and Smith agreed that isolation,
as an outcome of the division of labor, deteriorated the lives of laborers
(Marx, Moore, Aveling, & Engels, 1887). Interestingly, Ricardo (1817) was
convinced that the division of labor was solely capable of increasing output
but still incapable of asserting value of a commodity or a good. Concerning
increasing the productiveness of labor, Marx argued that the respective
approach, was necessary in achieving the goals of capitalism and
simultaneously, decreasing the wages that the laborer is rightfully required to
earn for lengthening his or her day (Marx, Moore, Aveling, & Engels, 1887).
Smith agreed with Marx but placed emphasis on the need to provide education to
laborers in order to avert implications associated with emotional and mental
exhaustion (Smith, 2007). Ricardo (1817) disinclined from Marx and Smith since
he asserted that increasing productivity would impose null effects on the
laborer’s wages even in the event that machinery is introduced.
2. Malthus
significantly argued against the notion of population growth in respect to the
detrimental implications that it posed on wellbeing. Generally, he claimed that
an increase in the population might inevitably pose significant limitations on
aspects of material welfare such as living standards as an outcome of
constraints implemented on basic demands, specifically food supplies (Malthus,
1798). The idea that Malthus pushed was essentially focused on asserting the
relationship between population growth and the level or degree of income for
the working class. Based on this, he asserted that increases in the population
of human beings were influential enough to actually place individuals within a
subsistence income level (Malthus, 1798). Using this notion, Malthus (1798)
further argued that an increase in income levels would solely lead to a rise in
the population further forcing a decrease in income levels to the optimum or
subsistence level. In agreement with Malthus, Mill (2009) adds that a system of
checks has always been in place that prevents rapid population growth. In
respect to these positions, Malthus (1798) argued that economic growth was able
to increase population growth due to the effects it imposed on the availability
of material resources hence leading to a stimulation of early marriages and
increased rates of birth. However, the attainment of material wellbeing is
insufficient because of the limiting effects imposed by population growth on
economic growth. Smith alternately believed that increasing productivity of
labor was attributed to the notion of the division of labor. Accordingly, the
economist argued that allowing laborers to specialize in particular tasks was
sufficient to enable an exponential increase in production (Smith, 2007). Additionally,
Smith argued that increasing productivity imposed a positive effect on the
laborers’ wellbeing since it augmented the wealth of a respective society hence
leading to an increase in living standards for low-income workers as well
(Smith, 2007).
3. Adam
Smith, in Wealth of Nations,
developed a framework aimed at providing an educative study of the general
economy. Simply, Smith provides a pragmatic and plausibly simplified version of
economic theories, ideas, and assessments that the audience can understand. The
lack of originality attributed to Smith’s work is based primarily on the
respective reason. Accordingly, Smith’s book concentrates on the provision of
understanding to economic conditions that constituted the environment that he
occupied. For instance, Smith (2007) starts his assessment by focusing on a
subject regarding relative prices for services and products. In this context,
the author begins by providing background knowledge on the process of price
determination by focusing on the formation of prices in as far as human society
is concerned (Smith, 2007). The main point of such an illustration was not to
necessarily offer a conjecture or premise that could undergo an instant
application in response to the studied economic conditions. Rather, the
respective idea was aimed at the construction of a educational case capable of
providing the reader or target audience with an added understanding on a range
of complex phenomena and concerns. Because of its focus on conditions that
comprise the society, Smith’s Wealth of
Nations is viewed as an unoriginal publication. Rather than assert new
grounds, Smith actively concentrates on the economic conditions and phenomena
that he has observed while engaging in research. In addition to this, the
knowledge that he possesses allows him to establish acceptable and pragmatic
theories and conclusions that ease understanding of the focus for the target
audience. As such, Wealth of Nations by
Adam Smith, despite being unoriginal as an outcome of the topics it covers,
still manages to offer an exemplary understanding of nearly all concerns that
constitute the generic economic environment.
References
Malthus, T. R. (1798). An essay on the principle of population. London: Routledge.
Marx, K., Moore, S., Aveling, E. B., & Engels, F. (1887). Capital:
A critique of political economy. Volume
I, book one: The process of production of capital. London:
S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey.
Mill, J. S. (2009). The project Gutenberg eBook of principles of
political economy. Kitchener,
ON: Batoche Books.
Ricardo, D. (1817). On the principles of political economy and
taxation. Kitchener, ON: Batoche Books.
Smith, A. (2007). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth
of nations. London:
Metalibri.
Student:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Communications
Discussion Questions
Question 1
The ethnography of communication
has been a tool used for the purposes of research and analysis in medicine as
well as the overall evaluation of social outlook of communities and cultures.
It is also referred to as a method of analysis in discourse and language for
people within specific social and cultural groups. The theory of communication
is based on differences between one community to another and the ability of
others to understand and interpret information in a correct manner.
For health care
professionals, the ethnography of communication is a crucial tool that allows
health care research and development, a process aimed at improving patient
outcome. In the context of an emergency call to a fire department, the
ethnography of communication analysis seeks to provide information of the emergency
in order to provide the best possible assistance. In an emergency such as a
fire or requirement of medical attention, lack of information will lead to outcomes
that are more negative for victims. Communication problems are one of the ways
in which operators cannot obtain and process information efficiently.
There is a need
for health care professionals to act promptly in the event of an emergency such
as this. However, with lack of information such as extent of injuries,
medication required, and overall medical intervention, there is a likelihood of
further medical disaster. Understanding of the theory of interaction required
from the health care practitioner would require not only an understanding of
words but also of the context under which it was used within the community from
which the patient came from. Such a move would have prevented the negative
health outcome.
Question 2
Often, communication in health care
as a study has been overlooked since many see it as a simple process of
relaying and sharing of information. Nonetheless, within a social context, many
intricate elements of communication are involved. Extensive study has revealed
that a more efficient communication system in healthcare institutions have a
strong direct impact on the ability of health care practitioners to carry out
their tasks more efficiently, thus helping to improve a patient’s outcomes. Additionally,
the connection that a patient feels towards their health service provider will
also lead to more improved outcomes. As such, it is important for a health
providers to understand that communication is not simply an activity of
speaking and listening, but rather a process where the patient and physician or
nurse form a social and professional connection which allows them to work
effectively towards health improvement.
Communication
can be complicated in several different ways. Foremost, language barrier can be
the most difficult part of relaying and receiving information. In the event
that a patient and health providers speak different languages, there is a need
for translator. Moreover, the lack of complete disclosure and honesty between a
doctor and patient concerning health status is a significant as well as ethical
challenge that still affects the health care industry. On the one hand, doctors
may fail to provide complete information about the patient’s health status,
which could be due to medical errors or the fact that knowledge of certain
types of information may not make any differences. On the other hand, the
patient may fail to be honest about health practices, which leads to doctors
operating without sufficient information.
Question 3
Patients may have a deep need to
control the information that they provide to others, or those that others
receive concerning them. The sense of control is a natural instinct towards
self-preservation. The need to control information also stems from the fact
that others may appear to judge them, and thus they may be embarrassed to share
health information that may be too personal. Another reason why patients may
not wish to share information may be that they may see it as not a necessary in
pursuit of health services. Nevertheless, many patients feel as though they may
not be able to trust health practitioners with personal information in as much
as there exists ethical and legal policies about doctor-patient
confidentiality.
Thus, it is
important for health service providers to acknowledge this phenomenon and seek
to tackle it through effective means of communication and interaction. It is
also important for doctors to stress that the information they receive from
their patients is strictly confidential and exclusively for the purposes of
making medical decisions such as diagnosis and treatments. The evidence that
exists which shows that patients want this control is the policy of confidentiality
that exists in every health care institution. Patients are far less likely to
seek services from institutions, which do not take their confidentiality
policies seriously. As such, in light of these patient desires, it is crucial
for the institution to develop a level of trust with their patients concerning
health practitioner and patient confidentiality practices.
Question 4
Health service providers need to
take into consideration that they are fallible just as any other professional.
This infallibility is evident from the health care practices are based on the
lack of sufficient information that they receive from their patients. An aspect
of making assumptions could be based on subconscious bias, which the doctors
may possess towards their patients. In other cases, patients themselves may
fail to provide adequate or accurate information in order for doctors to make
more informed opinions and subsequently decisions about their health. These
impressions may last for a long time, especially in situations where the doctor
and patient do not interact on a regular basis.
Mistaken
evidence may result from medical tests that were not accurate, or even previous
diagnoses that was made, which did not provide the required health outcome upon
treatment. As such, it is essential for medical practitioners to acknowledge
their shortcoming within this context and seek to become more objectives in
their decision-making. Knowledge of the ability to make assumptions will help
the practitioners in their analyses methods. Through this, they will be able to
become shrewder in determining which information is inferred based on factual
evidence and which is simply a matter of opinion. Specifically, health
practitioners should seek to become more objective in the process of making
diagnoses as well as writing down prescriptions for patient treatment.
It is also important
for health practitioners to understand that some of the medical information
they receive from patients may appear spontaneous while in fact they are not. The
reason for this would be that prior to seeking medical attention, the patient might
have anticipated these questions in light of their medical problems. As such,
doctors should seek to becoming more objective and prudent even in processing
information provided by patients. Health practitioners also need to develop a
higher level of perception as well as emotional intelligence in interacting
with their patients. Conversely, what is more important is to assure the
patient that it is important for them to provide accurate and truthful
information.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Multiple
Levels of Analysis
Situation Example
In this illustration, the
experience under question mainly involves experience on a team project. In an
organization, it is imperative to set aside differences and work together common
goals and objectives within the respective context. As part of a five-member
team, it was important to ensure cohesion among all the members in order to
satisfy our assigned tasks. The main issue involved the delegation process
especially with the way it posed positive as well as negative implications on
the members’ interaction and results. From the experience, it was evident that
the respective process imposed an effect on task performance among the members
as well as the group as a single unit.
Part
1: Multiple Levels of Analysis
The first step of the assessment
comprises the individual level of analysis. From this level, it is evident that
personal characteristics assumed a considerable role in the way members of the
group performed their assigned tasks. Foremost, the background of each
character contributed to the situation. Through delegation, each individual was
asked to provide an answer to the questions designated. Due to the nature of
the question, members represented different answers that were mostly influenced
by their disparate backgrounds. In this respect, their personal qualities
influenced the answers or opinions they presented.
Consequently,
the group level of analysis indicated the occurrence of conflict between the
members due to the disparities evident within their opinions. Cohesion was
particularly difficult to maintain at this point as well as productivity since
each member exhibited the conviction that their idea was right. Thirdly, the
organizational level of analysis positioned the group conflict with the notion
of cultural diversity. Since the organization was subject to different members
from various disparate backgrounds, the conflict within the group was
identified and understood considerably. Lastly, the conflict between the members
was an illustration of the conflict that takes place on a global stage as an
outcome of a different set of beliefs and ideas.
Part
2: Feedback and Analysis
As asserted in the situational
illustration, the team is comprised of five members. Based on the task
assigned, members were required to provide answers to a series of questions
that were delegated to them. Because of these interactions, it was possible to
identify different team-related behaviors characterized by the group members.
On one hand, members exhibit positive team-based attitude. Since the questions
were delegated to all the members irrespective of their backgrounds, it was
possible for them to come up with ideas and opinions. More specifically,
because of their differing backgrounds, the members of the group provided their
own personal opinions. In addition to this, the process of brainstorming among
the members enabled them to learn from each other. In addition, time was
utilized and saved during the respective process. On the other hand, the
delegation process also presented its fair share of negative-related behavior. Because
the answers were done by each member rather than an overall supervisor,
conflict arose within the group especially due to the level of grades for each
member of the group. Accordingly, each member stood alone in respect to their
grades. With this in mind, the conflict that took place between the team
members resulted from the scores that characterized the questions asked during
the delegation process. Since members with the highest grades blamed those with
lower scores, the aspect of cohesion became particularly difficult to maintain.
Practices and Proposed Interventions of Dealing with Poverty college essay help online
Practices and Proposed Interventions of Dealing with Poverty
Name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date
Practices and Proposed Interventions of Dealing with Poverty
There are many
reasons why poverty continues to remain a major issue in the country. Many of
these reasons are interconnected. Therefore, one cannot propose a single
solution to deal with the social problem of poverty. However, a closer
examination of the causes and enabling factors of poverty can help to identify
the most effective strategies that can help to reduce poverty. The strategies
used can help those who are in poverty to solve their problems and they could
be used as preventative measures that will reduce the chances of others
entering into poverty. Preventive services in healthcare have show efficiency
and effectiveness in their use. They have helped to reduce the occurrence of
serious diseases and they have helped to reduce risky behaviors, injuries, and
complications. Preventive services also help to promote healthy behaviors and
environments (Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2005). They point
out the changes that need to be made and the behaviors that need to be adopted.
Such services are also applicable in reducing poverty.
Most of the preventive services that concern
poverty reduction are concerned with education and training. They ensure that
people who are not already affected by poverty reduce their chance of doing so.
Initiatives that will help students to stay in school are important in poverty
reduction and most of them are preventive. They increase the chances that the
students have of succeeding. Having a higher education is one of the ways of
increasing a person’s economic success in future (Williams et al., 2008). Such
strategies include providing financial incentives and academic support,
scholarships, recreational programming, parental interventions in children
education, offering special needs assistance, having flexible employment hours
that will enable people to continue with their education, and after school
programs that help to develop talent in different areas (Loewen, 2009).
Case management
is a process that involves assessing, planning, implementing, coordinating,
monitoring, and evaluating the available options and services that are necessary
to meet the health and human service needs of individuals. The main elements
include advocacy, managing of resources, and communication among all the
parties involved. The approach is mostly used to integrate services around
people’s needs. It is proactive and community based. This means that the
service providers and the social workers understand the needs of individuals
and the available resources within the community. Case management would be an
effective approach to poverty reduction. Using this approach would require the
policy makers to assess the social problem of poverty. This would lead to
knowledge concerning the enabling factors and proposals concerning the best
ways to handle the problem. The policy makers would have to plan on how to implement
the proposed solutions. In addition, they will need to cooperate with other
players including the community and other organizations.
Systematic
interventions of poverty reduction require government participation in the
development of policies that are aimed at reducing this social problem. Such
interventions will require the cooperation of the community and the government
for effective poverty reduction. Case management in social work emphasizes the
need for collaboration. Effective case management requires interdisciplinary
and inter-organizational collaboration and coordination (Corcoran &
Roberts, 2015). When poverty reduction policies and programs are established by
government authorities, the community will have the main task of
implementation. The community plays an important role in terms of advocacy. It
makes the government know of the prevailing problems. The government plays a
major role in establishing policies related to fair work practices and fair
wages. This is important in helping to improve the welfare of individuals. The
government can reduce taxes that are levied on low-income households. This
ensures that such households have more disposable incomes and they can afford
to pay for education, health, accommodation, and other amenities. The
government can establish policies that ensure that poor people have access to
services such as education and health. Such services are mandatory and the
government has the responsibility of ensuring that everyone can afford and
access them. A healthy and educated populace is able to work.
A case
management approach does not only focus on the clients problems, but it could
also consider the individual strengths. The strength perspective using the case
management approach emphasizes the strengths and the uniqueness of the
situation. It also considers the needs and wants of the clients. Thus, it looks
at the issue from all possible angles. It requires close collaboration between
the client and the case manager (Berkman, 2003). Another benefit of this approach
is that the case manager could equip the individual client and his or her
dependents with the training and skills required to change their situation.
This is important in the alleviation of poverty. Many poor people have
dependents. Some of the dependents could be in the vulnerable population such
as the elderly, disabled, and children. However, other dependents could have
the capabilities to undertake various tasks. They could acquire skills that
could help them in securing a job or managing the resources they have in a
better way. The whole family does not have to depend on one person to change
their financial circumstance.
Case management
approach to poverty reduction would ensure that the government collaborates
with the community as a way of ensuring effectiveness. The government can
provide the necessary resources in terms of finances, infrastructure, and
personnel. The community is more aware and knowledgeable of the prevailing
issues and its participation would ensure that the proposed plans are
implemented. Preventive services are important in ensuring that poverty rates
do not continue to increase in the country. Most of the preventive services in
poverty reduction are geared towards education and training.
References:
Berkman, B. (2003). Social work and
health care in an aging society: Education, policy, practice, and research.
New York, NY:
Springer Publishing Company
Corcoran, K., & Roberts, R. A. (2015). Social workers’ desk reference. New York,
NY: Oxford
University Press
Loewen, G. (2009). A compendium of
poverty reduction strategies and frameworks. Retrieved from http://tamarackcommunity.ca/downloads/vc/Poverty_Reduction_GL_042209.pdf
Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2005). The guide to community preventive services: What works to promote
health? New York, NY:
Oxford University Press
Williams, R. D., Costa, V. M., Odunlami, O. A., & Mohammed, S. A.
(2008). Moving upstream: How interventions that address the social determinants
of health can improve health and reduce disparities. Journal of Public Health Management Practice, 14, 8-17
Security
of an Airline
Name:
Institution:
Security
of an Airline
Being aware of
the duties and obligations that a security and safety manager possesses with respect to an airline company is
imperative in ensuring that attacks predisposed to airlines generally are averted. By increasing the
propensity of traveling for the sake of arriving at a particular destination,
customers have inclined towards low-cost
airline services. However, that does not mean that low-cost carriers are invisible to terrorist and other crime-based
threats. In this respect, it is imperative to outline the significance that the
security manager in relation to a low-cost carrier company.
Job Description
The security and
safety manager is responsible for overseeing the implementation of proper
security measures devised specifically for the airline. Aside from this, the
personnel are charged with the duty of
coordinating such measures with the
approaches asserted by overseeing organizations such as the Transportation Security
Agency (TSA) (Thomas, 2011). In spite of this, the security manager supervises
a faculty of members who guarantee safety for passengers and property. In addition, the security and safety manager
supervises employees who check passengers and luggage prior to boarding or loading onto the aircraft. Even though
accreditations are necessary, specifically in the field of business management
and criminal justice, experience
associated with operations in law enforcement agencies is an added advantage
(Price & Forrest, 2013). Similarly, extensive knowledge of equipment related to the maintenance of airline
security is imperative.
Duties and Responsibilities
Security and safety managers are responsible
for the observation of implemented safety structures. They have the ability to
access such systems and are therefore obligated to ascertain that the
structures comply with federal rules and regulations. These experts recognize
the shortcomings evident in the area of airline security. Based on their
findings, security and safety managers propose recommendations that focus on
the improvement of services offered to passengers in respect to safety measures. In addition, security managers must inform the federal regulators
of any security concerns that may arise. As such, they are indirectly
responsible for the mitigation of airline security risks (Thomas, 2011). Other
duties assigned to security and safety managers comprise the recruitment,
hiring, and instruction of screeners in staffing checkpoints, devising training
schemes for airline inspectors and screeners and requesting repair and
maintenance services for paraphernalia related to airline security (Price &
Forrest, 2013).
Liabilities
Based on the
range of duties and responsibilities that security and safety managers possess in relation to airline security, they are
subjected to certain liabilities. In most
cases, these liabilities primarily constitute the limitations arising
from acts such as the 2001 Air Transportation Safety and Stabilization Act (Price
& Forrest, 2013). Using this as a backdrop for understanding the
liabilities affecting the respective personnel, the Act provides a series of liability restrictions related
specifically to the compensation of victims. Accordingly, the occurrence of an
attack on an airline may require victims to undergo compensation for damages
related to their physical, psychological, and emotional wellbeing. Furthermore,
the airline security manager may be directly responsible for these liabilities
due to the failure of mitigating the
occurrence of such incidents.
Conclusion
Over the years,
terror attacks on airlines have become common
with the September 11 incident being a prime illustration of these novel
developments. Notably, the international airline sector has experienced losses
associated with the respective occurrence. Despite the negative implications of customer demand, the services offered by low-cost carriers have elicited a positive
change in such mannerisms. The security and safety manager is responsible for
ensuring that the passengers and property aboard the airline are secured for the aim of preventing any attacks.
References
Price, J., & Forrest, J. S. (2013). Practical aviation security: Practicing and preventing future threats.
Waltham, MA:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Thomas, A. R. (2011). Soft landing:
Airline industry strategy, service, and safety. New York, NY:
Springer.
Licensing
and Professional Organizations
Name:
Institution:
Licensing
and Professional Organizations
The type of
organization I would like to work for is a community health center. Community
health centers are different from many other health institutions because of the
close relations they have with their patients. They offer personalized services
and many of the patients have close relations with the staff. This makes it
easier for health practitioners to follow the patients’ health progress. The
community health center will be based in a rural or semi urban area. In many
cases, such areas often have underserved communities. The number of
professionals in such areas are often few. This means that many people in the
community often rely on unconventional methods for health care. This can
jeopardize their health. The community health center will offer different
health services. It will focus on treatment as well as preventive services. Many
people undermine the importance of preventive health care, yet this type of
care is essential in helping to prevent diseases. Such preventive services
would include cancer screening, blood pressure checks, immunization for
children, screening for sexually transmitted infections, diabetes, and
cholesterol.
The community
health center would deal with all manner of patients, irrespective of their
economic status. It would offer quality and affordable healthcare. It will not
turn people away for lack of funds or insurance. Instead, it would serve the
under-insured, uninsured, and the insured. This would ensure that every person
in the community is covered on matters concerning health. The health center
will offer a diverse range of services including family medicine, family
planning, dentistry, lab, pharmacy, and pediatrics. The health center would
deal with all types of patients including adults and children. It would serve
at least 20,000 people. The demographics served would depend on the particular
community. As a community health nurse, I have to use decision-making strategies
in my work. This involves taking initiatives, making judgments, being
responsible, and being accountable for my actions. I must be aware of all
community issues and emerging technologies and literature on my area of focus.
The healthcare
center would focus on education and health awareness. The content raised would
depend more on the needs of the specific community. As a pediatric nurse in
general care, I would be involved in educating parents and guardians on general
health issues that concern children. This involves meeting with the parents at
common centers and working with schools. It is important for every person in
the community to be educated on matters concerning child health care. This will
enable people to take early action and reduce risks.
My role as a
pediatric nurse will be caring, managing, and curing. I will be responsible for
ensuring that the center meets all the healthcare needs of children aged 0 to
18 years. This includes diagnosing and treating the children, offering guiding
and counseling as well as educating the patients and their parents concerning
the healthy way to live. I will be responsible for conducting all immunizations
on children and informing parents concerning the fundamental need of vaccines
in helping to prevent diseases. I will provide skilled compassionate care to
all the young patients at the center. This includes feeding, comforting, and
taking care of the child’s safety needs. I will also inform and educate the
parents concerning the right nutrition based on their child’s sickness and
healthcare needs. I will educate the children and their caregivers concerning
healthy lifestyle choices. This is in line with my role as a health educator. I
will advocate for the health needs of children. This is in line with my role as
a social worker. I will work with parents, children, and social workers with
the aim of preventing or dealing with the emerging social problems that concern
children. I will refer children and their caregivers to the necessary social
services such as child welfare agencies and other programs aimed at helping
families, where they can get the necessary assistance. I will also collaborate
with the other health practitioners including other nurses and physicians to
ensure that the center meets all the healthcare needs of children (Price &
Gwin, 2008).
The Nurse
Practice Act allows registered nurse practitioners to perform acts of nursing
diagnosis, prescription, and nursing treatment of alternations of the health
status. Diagnosis includes observing and evaluating mental and physical
conditions, signs, and symptoms of illness, reaction to treatment, and
behaviors, and determining whether they differ from the normal. Nurses shall
perform acts requiring specialized knowledge and nursing skills. They shall
apply their judgment when necessary. They are responsible for planning,
observing, assessing, intervening, and evaluating care. They can teach on
health matters, promote wellness, maintain health, and prevent illness of
others. They can also provide counseling to those who need it. In addition,
they can assist in administering medication and treatments as prescribed. The
act defines community nursing as the study of nursing for individuals,
families, and groups in the promotion and maintenance of health and prevention
of disease (Florida Department of Health, 2007). Based on the above definitions
and provisions under the Florida Nurse Practice Act, I would be qualified to
perform the identified roles and offer my services at the community health
center.
References:
Florida Department of Health (2007). Nurse
practice act: Rules of the board of nursing. Retrieved from http://phsc.edu/sites/default/files/program/files/Nurse-Practice-Act.pdf
Lundy, K. S., & Janes, S. (2014. Community
health nursing. Jones & Bartlett Publishers: Burlington, MA
Price, L. D., & Gwin, F. J. (2008). Pediatric nursing: An introductory text. St. Louis, MO:
Elsevier Health Sciences
Film
Review: Steve Jobs
Name:
Institution:
Film
Review: Steve Jobs
The film, Steve Jobs, has generated different
reactions among viewers. This is further exemplified by the disparate opinions
provided by four popular reviewers. In her assessment of the film, Ann Hornaday
alleges that the film’s focus on the humanity of Steve Jobs establishes it as a
thought-provoking and worthy autobiography of the eponymous character. In this
respect, she states that, “Steve Jobs” creates an impressionistic inner
portrait, a Shakespearean character study in three tautly constructed acts in
which Jobs’ contradictions, demons, and most searing primal wounds are revealed
in constantly peeling layers” (Hornaday, 2015). Alternately, Rex Reed’s review
of the film asserts its inability to permeate Jobs’ humane side. The reviewer
asserts that, “If you’re interested in the rags-to-riches story
of the late Steve Jobs, the tech nerd who devoted his
life to the digital revolution and self-destructed in the process, then stay
away from the cold, bloodless, and incomprehensible movie with the
cut-the-crap-and-get-to-the-point title Steve Jobs” (Reed, 2015). On the other hand, Anthony Lane sees Steve
Jobs as a depiction of a hero irrespective of dependence on Apple’s products.
He alleges that, “As a result, despite the lunging modernity of
the products on display, Steve Jobs comes across as strangely
old-fashioned in this romantic insistence on its hero” (Lane, 2015). Interestingly, Benjamin Lee
praises the film for its technological specificity but sees this aspect as a
challenge for general audiences. Following this, he states that, “Danny
Boyle’s talky look at the Apple icon boasts an assured leading turn but the
dominance of Aaron Sorkin’s script and focus on business wrangles mean this
will mostly appeal to the Apple geek” (Lee, 2015).
The four
reviewers possess different positions regarding the film, Steve Jobs, as illustrated by their actual statements. For
Hornaday, the strength of the respective film lies in its ability to project
the humanity of the main character, Steve Jobs. Since his tenure at Apple Inc,
Jobs was described as a man that was stern and focused on the accomplishment of
his objectives. As such, he was impersonal and incapable of forming strong emotional
connections with his subordinates. However, Hornaday’s review judges this
position. For her, the film presents a different side to Jobs. In fact, Steve Jobs exhibits the internal flaws
and vulnerabilities that the main character possessed regardless of his prowess
in the world of technology (Hornaday, 2015). Played by Michael Fassbender, Hornaday
assesses the film’s protagonist as an individual struggling with his own
humanity in a world fuelled by competition and innovation.
Arguably,
Hornaday’s sentiment regarding the humanity of Steve Jobs is echoed in Lane’s
review of the same film. According to Lane (2015), the character of Jobs is
perceived as that of an imperfect man. In fact, due to the romanticized acting
of Michael Fassbender, the audience becomes relatable with Jobs’ character. In
fact, some of his actions and behaviors as depicted in the film are capable of
generating different sentiments among viewers. Nonetheless, as Lane admits in
the end, the humanity projected by Fassbender in respect to Steve Jobs paints
the respective character as a flawed yet laudable person (Lane, 2015). Hence,
in similarity to Hornaday’s perception of Jobs’ character in the film, Lane
also acknowledges Jobs’ influential aspect of humanity specifically in respect
to his occupational tenure.
In spite of the
converging opinions regarding Steve Jobs and
the acting representation of the protagonist, Lee and Reed provide different
positions that do not particularly resonate with the aspect of humanity.
Foremost, Lee (2015) asserts that the respective film concentrates more on the
business problems that encompassed Apple before and during Jobs’ tenure. In
fact, the film is invested considerably on such aspects that it fails to
consider the main character as an important element. One particular
illustration that Lee introduces comprises the film’s emphasis on technology as
well as its divisive impact on the audience. Reed also expresses a similar
opinion. However, his focus shifts on the acting rather than the film. The reviewer
asserts that Fassbender fails to portray Jobs as a humane character (Reed,
2015).
In conclusion, Steve Jobs managed to secure a
considerable fan-base due to its focus on Apple’s founder, Steve Jobs. In
addition to this, the predisposition towards Apple’s mainstream products
provided the film with a significant following. However, in relation to the opinions
of four different reviews, the film seems to exhibit different responses. For
Hornaday and Lane, the film is enriched by the character’s (Michael Fassbender)
humane portrayal of the main character and low insistence on technological
specificity. On the other hand, reviews by Lee and Reed suggest that the film only
focuses on the events surrounding the firm rather than Jobs’ humanity in
respect to the tribulations and successes he encountered and gained
respectively.
References
Hornaday, A. (2015, October 15). ‘Steve Jobs’ review: An impressionistic
inner portrait of the Apple co-founder. The
Washington
Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/steve-jobs-review-an-impressionistic-inner-portrait-of-the-apple-co-founder/2015/10/15/88e493e8-7276-11e5-8d93-0af317ed58c9_story.html
Lane, A. (2015, October 19). Wonder boys: “Steve Jobs” and “Pan”. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/19/wonder-boys
Lee, B. (2015, September 6). Steve Jobs review: Fassbender excels but
iWorship required if you’re to care. The
Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/06/steve-jobs-movie-review-michael-fassbender-telluride
Reed, L. (2015, July 10). Aaron Sorkin’s empty Jobs search. The Observer. Retrieved from http://observer.com/2015/10/aaron-sorkins-empty-jobs-search/
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Case
Study: Bergerac Systems
Current Situation Analysis
Since its incorporation in 2001,
Bergerac Systems has been on the forefront of developing in-house diagnostic
paraphernalia, centered specifically on domestic pets. However, the respective
organization has encountered a challenge associated with its main seller,
OmniVue. With a cartridge that preserves the blood sample during analysis,
Omnivue is easily operable and capable of releasing significantly valid
outcomes. Due to its popularity in the veterinary market, particularly in the
area of pet diagnostics, the sale of the respective cartridges has proved significant
to the product’s revenue stream. Bergerac is dependent on two external
suppliers for the cartridges’ plastic parts. However, inefficiency on the part
of delivery has proved detrimental to the company as evidenced by increasing
stock-outs and deficiencies. In this respect, the organization is focusing on
either acquiring the supplier, GenieTech, or developing the needed capabilities
from the firm’s current manufacturing faculties.
Recommendation
In order to resolve the issue at
hand, the company must focus on the application of backward integration,
particularly into the production of the plastic components for the respective
cartridges. It is evident that the market shift has supplanted the company with
various opportunities regarding pet diagnostics. Hence, for the sake of the
prospects offered by the novel market, backward integration would be ideal for
the company. More importantly, the recommended strategy would be increasingly
beneficial in responding to the market’s fluctuating demands. In this respect,
the proposed approach focuses on ensuring the adequate provision and
availability of the needed cartridges. Moreover, if it is evident that Bergerac
is incapable of receiving the cartridges for its products, especially OmniVue,
then unfavorable outcomes will be imposed on the products’ sales.
Other Alternatives
Apart from the implementation of a
backward integration approach, Bergerac Systems can go ahead and implement a
measure based on forward integration. With this approach, the company can
concentrate on the control of its current distribution channels. This may
involve the acquisition of GenieTech, which acts as one of its main suppliers
for the cartridges’ plastic components. For beneficial purposes, controlling
the distribution channels may be a cost-effective approach since it will
involve liaising with the firm’s current suppliers. On the other hand, the respective
approach may not necessarily solve the insufficient supply of the components.
Alternately, Bergerac Systems can focus on continuing with its current
operations. Even though this measure may prove dangerous for the company’s
products in terms of sales, it will ensure that risks that originate from
backward and forward integration are averted completely.
Limitations
Foremost, proposed plans to
purchase a plant for the company may affect the implementation of the backward
integration strategy. Purchasing an efficient plant may restrict the need to
develop in-house capacities. This is attributed to increased overhead costs
that may be attributed to the implementation of backward integration in the
first place. Furthermore, the purchase of an existing and efficient plant may
restrict the organization from developing the capacities in-house. Consequently,
the competitive environment that is present in the veterinary market may dispel
the need to implement such a long-term and complex solution. With the organization
looking for a rapid solution to resolve its supplier issues, it may be more
beneficial to implement a solution that actually corrects the current problem
at hand. More specifically, Bergerac Systems may concentrate on ensuring the
effectiveness of its present distribution channels rather than attempt at
employing a backward integration approach.
Nursing
Learning Style and Strategy
Name:
Institution:
Nursing
Learning Style and Strategy
Learning styles
generally comprise a variety of theories that focus on accounting for the
disparities evident in the way people learn. In this respect, knowledge
concerning a particular style of learning may be assistive in enabling success
within educational undertakings. Based on the premise, individuals have
different ways or implement dissimilar approaches that allow them to process
information and achieve understanding much easier. The field of nursing usually
requires consistent and unending learning (Crannell & White, 2012). Nowadays,
there are continual developments within the management of illnesses and
preventive care. Furthermore, innovations within current paraphernalia together
with advances of novel equipment in the improvement of patient care are availed
consistently into the healthcare workplace (Crannell & White, 2012). As
such, it is evident for nurses to gain understanding of a certain learning
style. For assumptive purposes, nurses can process information better via the
application of an interactive learning style. Usually, interactive learners gain
significantly in a situation that demands comprehension through the
verbalization of their sentiments, thoughts, and ideas (Rubenfeld &
Scheffer, 2014). This is a more preferable style in contrast to other learning
approaches since it provides the nurse with an ability to express their
concerns, questions, and ideas in a rational and thoughtful manner. However,
for this form of learning style to take place, it would be imperative to enable
the application of certain strategies. One such strategy involves the
implementation of small team discussions. Small team discussions are strategic since
they provide the nurse with a platform for rational and practical expression
(Rubenfeld & Scheffer, 2014). Moreover, schemes that accentuate this form
of discussion can be particularly helpful and successful for the nursing
fraternity. However, it is important to note that such sessions may lead to
conflict among nurses and other involved stakeholders such as physicians
(Rubenfeld & Scheffer, 2014). Despite this, the respective strategy is
effective when it comes to the facilitation of interactive learning.
Reference
Crannell, B. A., & White, M. M. (2012). Clinical practice of
registered nurses and learning styles preferences. Institute for Learning Styles Journal, 1, 1-7.
Rubenfeld, M. G., & Scheffer, B. K. (2014). Critical thinking in
nursing: An interactive approach. Philadelphia,
PA: Lippincott.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
The
Forever War
Interestingly, the background of
the novel, The Forever War, is based
on the experiences of the author while taking part in the Vietnam War. In
respect to the protagonist, William Mandella, as well as the various incidences
that he faces, Joe Haldeman constructed a novel that was successful in blurring
the components of war and science fiction into a single entity. With a
significant knowledge of the events that take place in an armed struggle after
participating and becoming wounded in combat, Haldeman utilizes The Forever War as a literary yet
philosophical expression of the implications that arise from war. Even though
the novel’s events take place within a convoluted technological setting and an
outer life-form background, The Forever
War rationally manages to capture the occurrence of a never-ending war as
well as the derivative incidences that arise from any armed struggle. Despite
the exploration of the familiar concept of war throughout the novel, the setting
of the respective struggle within a futuristic environment reveals a myriad of
scientific and social alterations that Haldeman proposes.
Joe Haldeman’s
novel, The Forever War, possesses a
range of scientific and social modifications that form part of the environment
occupied by humankind. One key change involves the absolute representation of
alien organisms or other beings that exist across the universe aside from
humans. Accordingly, by the year 1997, the Earth is taking part in an armed
struggle against an alien species known as the Taurans. The presence of these
organisms threatens the lives of human beings in Earth further providing more
alterations to the social environment depicted in the novel. This is evidenced
by the transformation of the humanitarian organization, the United Nations,
into a warring entity known as the United Nations Exploratory Force (UNEF). In
addition, the aspect of colonialism, which was first part of the Western states
prior to the culmination of World War II, has been revived and altered in order
to advance the conflict between Earth and the Taurans. Based on the novel, the
Earth possesses colonies that extend far from its orbit as well as partnerships
with other portal planets.
Another
scientific alteration present within The
Forever War involves the movement between space and time. This is
exemplified by the presence of interstellar travel. In respect to the novel,
the struggle between the Taurans and earthlings has necessitated the protection
of colonies as well as portal planets that actually enable transition between
planetary or celestial elements, specifically stars. The notion of the movement
between space and time enables the derivation of scientific concepts such as
time travel. As asserted in the respective novel, components such as the
dilation of time and the concept of relativity establish a time-travel platform
that allows the recruited soldiers to move across time over days, weeks, and
years while taking part in the war. Other scientific aspects are based on the
field of psychology in respect to the functions of the mind. In particular, the
novel reveals incidences of classical conditioning, which is evidenced by the
training and transformation of ordinary able-bodied men into functional killing
machines with the main aim being the protection of Earth and the reception of
honors.
Apart from the
presence of convoluted scientific concepts, Haldeman also proposes a range of
social modifications, which actually contribute to the overall structure of the
society in the respective novel. One interesting modification is based on the
allowance of sexual exploration between men and women within a formal setting
as opposed to the current state of such environments. Accordingly, the setting
at the infantry is comprised of both male and female soldiers. Aside from
sleeping proximately within the same space, the soldiers are ironically
encouraged to engage in sexual activities with one another. In this respect,
the aspect of sex is seen as non-issue especially with the way it is
recurrently covered in the novel. Indeed, some of the aspects or structures
explored in the novel are truthful in relation to the current society. The
widespread nature of homosexuality is a rational illustration. Apparently, novel
structures within the society are further exhibited by the acceptance of
homosexuality in the year 2023. At the time, many governments have resorted to
homosexual unions as the certain method for birth control.
To this end, some
of the aspects asserted by Haldeman are rational as one may assume. For
instance, the use of homosexuality as a form of birth control is pragmatic
considering the current population growth, which increases by the day. Even
though countries such as China
have instituted legal measures aimed at curbing this, it is still impossible
for them to regulate significant increases in the overall population.
Nevertheless, The Forever War is a
reflection of the wartime experiences underwent by Haldeman and his generation.
This is evidenced by his on-and-off involvement in the army as a first time
soldier and a company commander due to his experiences. Additionally, the
never-ending armed struggle is an experience that further possesses attributes
similar to actual events such as the Vietnam War, the general Cold War, as well
as the First and Second World Wars. Indeed, Mandella’s involvement in the
never-ending struggle is a representation of the experiences that the author
underwent in respect to the Vietnam War as well as the trickled-down
implications from the previous grand wars fought in the aforementioned wars.
The
Uniqueness of California
Name:
Institution:
The
Uniqueness of California
As a state
located within the Western region of the United
States of America, the physical nature present in California is unique in
comparison to other states. In accordance with current information, the state
of California
extends for approximately 1000 miles across the Pacific and towards the
boundaries of the Mexican border. For numerous Americans, it may be difficult
to simply get up and engage in an excursion of the world’s sceneries. After
all, many Americans tend to be hardworking individuals. Nonetheless, the unique
disposition of California functions as an
attractive destination that rebuffs any preference towards excursions outside America in
respect to diversity and beauty. Indeed, as a preferred destination, California offers a
pleasurable experience for any person that is willing enough to encounter its
beautiful weather, diverse cultural setting, and breath-taking cuisine. Undeniably,
California’s
uniqueness is asserted by its great weather, diverse social setting, and appealing
cuisine.
One component
that contributes to the unique nature of California
constitutes its beautiful weather. The attractive weather that the respective
state possesses assumes a major role in establishing its difference from other
American states. Known as the Mediterranean climate, California is comprised of different weather
settings that are neither too cold nor too warm for the common person. This
form of climate tends to present in cities such as Los Angeles, which are characterized by warmer
winters and cooler summers (The California Historical Society, n. d.). Another
element that contributes to the unique nature of the state of California involves its cultural and social
diversity. California is one of the states in
the United States
with a significant numbers of migrants from other parts of the world. The
contribution to the state’s diverse culture has been attributed to the presence
of individuals bearing disparate racial backgrounds and ethnicities. Consequently,
despite its Western cultural context, the California setting is comprised of many
Hispanic influences due to the significant presence of Latin immigrants (Johnson
& Hill, 2011).
The last factor
that contributes to the unique nature of California
involves its mouth-watering and attractive cuisine. Accordingly, the general
cuisine present within the respective state is derived from the influential
nature of its Mediterranean climate as well as trends predisposed towards the
consumption of healthy foodstuffs such as fruits and vegetables (The California
Historical Society, n. d.). In this respect, organic foods are consumed
significantly in California
due to the endorsement of fresh fruits, meat products, and vegetables.
Secondly, diversity in terms of the area’s agriculture affects the consumption
of varied foodstuffs among inhabitants of different regions within the state.
For example, areas such as the Central Valley contribute significant diversity
in terms of the cuisine since they facilitate the supply of foodstuffs
originating from fresh produce, hence posing a significant effect on the
diversity and tasteful nature of California’s
official cuisine (The California Historical Society, n. d.).
In conclusion,
the state of California
is significantly unique in its own manner. This is based on definite major
elements that chiefly establish the ground for its exclusiveness as an American
state. The first facet that contributes to this uniqueness involves the beautiful
weather. Due to the implications of the Mediterranean climate, the generic
weather within the state of California is
constituted of colder summers and warmer winters as evidenced by the climate in
Los Angeles.
The second contributory aspect involves the cultural and social diversity
present within the state. Accordingly, the state of California is comprised of persons bearing
different ethnic backgrounds from all over the globe. The last contributory
facet to the uniqueness of California
comprises the cuisine of the state, which is largely defined by its organic
nature.
References
Johnson, H., & Hill, L. (2011, July 1). Illegal immigration. Retrieved from http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/atissue/AI_711HJAI.pdf
The California
Historical Society. (n. d.). Understanding
California.
Retrieved from http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/research/pdf/CHS_Understanding_California.pdf
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War
Dances Essay
The novel, War Dances, is a rather interesting piece of literature based on
the way it uses the setting of the Native American community as a platform for
airing out the various social issues and problems that underlie the respective
community and the American society as a whole. As a collection of poems and
narratives, War Dances utilizes the
concept of fictional tales together with the construction of identities that
rationally establishes the author’s interpretations or deductions of the world.
In this respect, it is clear that the respective book positions identity as an
overriding theme primarily due to its objective perception of the American
Indian society. From the narratives and poems, Alexie’s War Dances shows the extensive influence imposed on the actions of
the characters as an outcome of their particular identities, which undeniably
shape their personal perspectives of the world that they occupy individually
and collectively. Arguably, aspects of identity in War Dances succeed in affecting the way the characters experience
different events within their lives.
One aspect of
identity that assumes an influential role in the actions of characters
comprises race. Similar to other projects by Sherman Alexie, the facet of race
tends to play a considerable role in the plots of the respective narratives. In
War Dances, the different forms of race
within the texts succeed in influencing the decisions that the characters in
respect to the setting they occupy. A rational illustration of this argument is
based on the events that take place in the short story, “Breaking and
Entering”. In overview, the narrative follows the upheaval that the
protagonist, George Wilson, endures after murdering an African American teenager
who had allegedly expressed the intent to burgle by entering his home unauthorized.
The decision that Wilson
makes in respect to the murder of the respective teenager, Elder Briggs, eventually
leads to his ostracism at the hands of the African Americans who occupy the
neighborhood in significant numbers. Objectively, the choice to kill Elder
Briggs automatically illustrates the presence of racial prejudice imposed on Wilson.
While the unintentional murder of Elder Briggs
may act as the reason for the public condemnation that Wilson endures, it is
still impossible to deny the influential role that race assumes based on the
repercussions that the tragic protagonist endures in the respective narrative. Because
of his ethnic disposition as a white man, Wilson
quickly faces heated condemnation from the African American members of the
community irrespective of the actions carried out by the deceased teenager. In
a rational world, it would be right to assume that the protagonist was acting
in self-defense; after all, Briggs had broken into his house based on the
presumption that there was no one in the residence at the time. Furthermore,
Wilson captures the events leading to the death of Briggs by stating that,
“Somebody – the same person who had knocked on my front door to ascertain if
anybody was home, had just broken and entered my life” (Alexie 67). At this
point, Briggs’ intentions are clearly presented.
Consequently,
Wilson states
his need to act in self-defense by alleging that the burglar “paused, weighed
his options, and sprinted toward me. He was going to bulldoze me…as that kid
ran toward me; I swung the baseball bat with one hand” (Alexie 69). After the
committing the act, Wilson
expresses his disappointment regarding the decision he made. For him, the need
to act in that manner was regrettable since the young man “was making a bad
decision but who maybe had brains and heart and soul enough to stop making bad
decisions” (Alexie 71). From this statement, it is evident that the protagonist
expresses sincere regret concerning his decision, which leads to the death of
Briggs. Regardless of his sincerity and obvious regret, the wider community
still perceives him as just another white man responsible for the murder of a
black boy. However, the absurdity of race’s influence over the decisions of the
people is illustrated when the wider community and Briggs’ mother mistake Wilson for a white man
while in retrospect, he was actually a Native American member of the Spokane
Indian tribe, further illustrating the influential role of race as a defining
aspect of identity.
Apart
from race, the aspect of sexuality also plays a role in the definition of
identity in War Dances. Accordingly, the
respective aspect, as a determinant of identity, seems to influence the actions
that the characters perform. One objective illustration of this is evidenced in
the narrative, “The Senator’s Son”. In the story, the narrator engages in an
impetuous hate crime, which eventually makes him question his moral character. While
outside an inn, the narrator and his companions attack a couple of homosexual
men with one of them being Jeremy, his childhood best friend. The actions that
the narrator commits are based on his perception of sexual orientation. As
evidenced by his ‘gay-bashing’ actions, it is clear that the antagonist
possesses a degree of hatred for members of the homosexual community, which
eventually motivates his act of discrimination against them. Additionally, the
aspect of sexual orientation clearly influences the narrator’s actions based on
the impact they impose on his father, who is a senator vying for the presidency
in the next elections.
Even
after taking part in the discrimination of the gay men, the narrator expresses
his regret due to the negative implications that his actions may actually
impose on the presidential campaign carried out by his father. In fact, the
narrator asks, “Why the hell would I risk my reputation and future and my
father’s political career – the entire meaning of life – for a street fight –
for a gay bashing?” (Alexie 102). His moral questioning clearly exhibits the
remorse that he feels for his acts, which may potentially jeopardize his
father’s presidential aspirations. Clearly, the decisions that the narrator
makes and the repercussions that he faces afterwards are obvious indicators of
the effect that sexual orientation imposes on his personal views regarding the
homosexual community, which actually succeed in the construction of identity. However, the consequences that arise from the
son’s homophobic actions eventually unveil the actual identity of his father,
who is actually an immoral and surprisingly unethical Republican senator
willing to flout all moral rules in order to protect his campaign.
The
aspect of sexuality contributes to the identity of the narrator by establishing
him as a masculine individual with conservative ideals and a need to reinforce
his manhood. The actions that the respective person carries out are rather
discriminative and hateful. Irrespective of this, the narrator feels justified
to take part in such activities since they are “high comedy” (Alexie 102). From
this notion, it would be rational to assert that his perception, which arises
from his conservative and patriarchal identity, influences his irrational and
prejudicial perceptions of homosexuality. Additionally, the fact that the
narrator engages in discrimination against gay men clearly indicates a need to
impose his conservative ideals on the respective individuals. For him, sexual
orientation is obviously defined by the sexual and intimate relationships that
takes place between a man and a woman. Any other thing that occurs in contrast
to this conventional framework is therefore wrong and should be restricted. Even
though this may be an assumption, his actions and the nature of his father
support this line of reason.
To this end,
various thematic subjects connect the different texts within War Dances collectively. From the poems
and the short stories, themes such as change, loss, and the effect of the past
on the present are identified across the entire publication. However, the most
interesting aspect of the book is based on the connecting role that the overall
theme of identity plays. Despite the disparity evident in the texts that
comprise the novel, the facet of identity manages to weave these questionably
disjointed pieces of literature into an objective and cohesive fabric. In this
respect, the author is actually capable of illustrating the seam present
between reality and fiction as the former manages to complicate personal
viewpoints and constructions of the world. War
Dances uses various determinants of identity, specifically sexual
orientation and race, in order to confront wider human questions embedded
within callously defined characters as they experience life in different ways
due to their disinclinations from and predispositions towards the hegemonic
culture in the United States.
Interestingly, the characters’ identities succeed in influencing their
respective actions, which naturally collide or collude with the mainstream
culture.
Work
Cited
Alexie, Sherman. War Dances. New York: Grove Press,
2009. Print.
Team
Member Effectiveness
Name
Institution
Team
Member Effectiveness
I
agree with the results of the team member effectiveness. The assessment has
captured most of my strengths. I have always been able to work well in teams
and to relate with the others in the group. I ensure that I play my part by
making the necessary contributions and even going far and beyond what is
expected of me. I am able to relate to the other team members well. I generally
hate disagreements and I make sure that I listen to every person’s point of
view. This makes it easier for the others to relate well with me. Once all the
duties have been delegated, I ensure that every person is able to keep up with
the rest of the team. Since I am well connected with the other members, I am
able to know of any changes that happen. In some cases, I am instrumental in
coming up with the changes. Based on the overall results, I am a moderately
effective team member. I believe that my results could be better than this,
were it not for my weakness of expecting low quality. The belief that I do
everything to perfection has contributed to this. My strengths are important
and they contribute to better team coordination. However, based on the
assessment, it is clear that I need to have more trust in other people’s
abilities
I
have ever engaged in social loafing when working in a team. It was my first
time working on a team and we were working on a serious project. I knew that I
could contribute more to the team but I thought that this was not necessary
since there were many of us. I expected the others would do their share of the
work. I only realized when it was too late
that the others had similar expectations. Each of us failed to give the project
our best and we lost a good opportunity to make a positive impression. From
that time, I realized that I had to perform at my level best even if I was part
of a team. I was not supposed to depend on others. This also taught me the
importance of delegation and the significance of team leadership. For all of
us, it was the first time working on a team. However, the mistakes we made then
taught us many important lessons. I have not engaged in social loafing since
that time irrespective of how many members there are on the team
Working
effectively on a team is beneficial at the workplace. In the first place, a
person does not have to spend endless hours trying to come up with solutions to
problems. This is because the team members have different perspectives on an
issue. This ends up leading to the development of innovative ideas. Another
benefit is that one person does not have to do all the work. In some cases,
organizations have to work under very tight schedules and deadlines. When a person is working alone, he or she ends
up feeling the pressure of meeting the deadline. The person might become
frustrated and anxious, and this will have a negative effect on his work
performance. However, working on a team reduces this pressure. Delegation eases
the workload and the members are able to share responsibilities. Another
advantage is that the team is able to produce better results that are more
effective. Members of a team are skilled in different areas. They all bring
their knowledge and expertise to the team and this enhances efficiency.
Utilizing the members’ strengths means that the team is able to complete a task
within a short time.
Working
on teams enhances a person’s social networks. Teams give the members an
opportunity to form bonds as they work closely together. This is important at
the workplace because it makes working more interesting and enjoyable. In
addition, team members may need the social networks they have established for
other purposes. Teams push individuals to be more than they could ever be. When
a person is working alone, he does not have others to encourage him to develop
different set of skills or to reason differently. However, working on teams
often requires compromises. Members have to learn how to solve conflict and one
member does not always have his way. Members become flexible in their thinking
and decision-making. The development of different perspectives is important
because it enables a person to think outside her norm. Effective teams are
enjoyable and they can be a source of motivation for the employees.
Development
of groups starts when people come together to accomplish a common purpose. They
undergo several phases, which include storming and norming, before being fully
effective. In the storming phase, members often disagree as they try to
establish influence and authority. The norming phase identifies specific
behaviors. The members determine what conduct is allowed and what behaviors are
prohibited. The group forms its identity and the members continue to know each
other. Going through these phases is important because it enables the members
to perform.
The
effectiveness of team members has a significant influence on the group
development process. Members do not have to spend a lot of time storming. They
do not have to spend a lot of time determining their influence and enhancing
their authority. When the team members are able to collaborate, then delegating
issues will be much easier. The members will be able to fulfill their
responsibility more quickly. In addition, the effectiveness of the team members
will enable the group to form its identity more quickly. The members will be
comfortable working together because they know each other. Team leadership will
have already been established and the members can identify each other’s
strengths and weaknesses.
Criminal
Theories
Name
Institution
Criminal
Theories
Social
class theory emphasizes the power of dominancy in
committing crime. Males tend to target female victims because of their
powerlessness. Sex is a form of dominance that men employ when targeting and
killing their victims. It helps in constructing men’s supremacy. Serial killers
will often target members of the lower class, such as prostitutes. Gary
targeted prostitutes and he stated that he liked killing them. He did not want
them on the streets and he devalued them. He considered them so unworthy to the
extent that he did not bother knowing them. He confessed that he did not even
look at their faces when he killed them and he did not even know their names.
This shows how low he placed them. he even placed them in clusters when he
killed them. He did not show his victims any form of dignity and he certainly
did not think that they were deserving of respect. However, this did not even
stop him from sleeping with them even when they were dead. He would return to
his victims and have sex with them when they were dead. Gary stated that he did
not even want to pay the prostitutes after he received their services. He was
able to demonstrate his dominance over them because they were helpless. He felt
superior and he strangled them when he killed them.
Social
process theories explain criminal behavior based on the
interactions that the offenders have with organizations, institutions, and
processes within the society. It involves the associations that a person has
with family, peers, school, and group. Destructive social relationships can
lead to criminal behavior. According to the social learning theory, people can
learn how to commit crime. This theory applies to Gary. He learnt to commit
crime from an early age. He started by killing animals and setting fires. He
also became interested and obsessed with crime stories. At one time when he was
a teenager, he attacked a small boy with a knife but the boy survived. He also
learnt some aspects of his criminal tendencies from his parents. He watched the
way his mother would dress, present himself to other men, and act towards his
father. She liked dressing in a provocative manner. His father worked in a
morgue and he would always tell him outrageous stories, which he used to build
up his imagination.
Social
structure theories emphasize the importance of the environment
and other external forces in determining the development of criminal behavior.
The social disorganization theory concentrates on the prevailing conditions
within an environment. The institutions that govern social control, including
family, break down. This ends up creating disorganization since the
institutions cannot perform their expected functions. This theory also focuses
on the conflict that exists between goals and means and it seeks to examine the
influence of frustration and alternative methods of achievement. Gary felt
inadequate because he was not able to please his mother. His desire to use
prostitutes was a way of expressing his frustrations. There was a clear
breakdown in family institution. Gary’s family was not suitable in correcting
his immoral behavior. Instead, the behavior that his parents demonstrated
fuelled his actions. Gary watched as his mother mistreated and abused his father.
She would even hit him on the head. Instead of preventing the situation from
happening, Gary’s father would just walk away. This influenced Gary and his
perception towards women and supremacy. His family was disorganized and
dysfunctional. His parents did not show him the right way to go and this was
influential in determining the actions that he chose to take.
Neutralization
theory suggests that people do indeed know when they are committing a crime and
what they are doing is wrong, but they find ways to justify their actions. They
rationalize their actions before they commit the crime. The techniques of
neutralization employed include denial of responsibility, denial of injury,
denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.
They use these techniques to neutralize the conventional values and attitudes
that they already have. They end up alternating criminal and conventional
behavior. Gary was aware that his actions were wrong. He often felt frustrated
that he could not control his desires for using prostitutes in the first place.
He felt disgusted that he required their services. However, these sentiments
were not strong enough to prevent him from using and killing the prostitutes. After
he killed the prostitutes, he felt a sense that it was wrong for him to do so.
However, he blamed his victims for this and he believed that it was their fault
that he had killed them.
Social
control theory posits that the society has a great and
significant role in determining a person’s willingness to engage in crime and
in taking measures to prevent crime from happening. The bonds that a person has
with a society will either prevent of encourage them from committing crime,
based on whether they are strong or weak. The lack of constraints results from
failure of close relationships to others. When there are no constraints, the
person feels free to engage in criminal behavior. Gary’s father told him
outrageous stories about work, whereby some of his colleagues would sleep with
the dead. His mother told him of how she would entice men. This made him form a
perception of the role of women in the society. The illustrations from his
parents show lack of constraint. The parents had no boundaries over what they
would tell him. When Gary attacked and stabbed a young boy, he was not
arrested. The society did not take any measures to prevent the crimes from
happening.
Criminal
Justice Systems
Name
Institution
Criminal
Justice Systems
Global criminal activity has
increased in many parts of the world. This has been enabled by an increase in
organized crime and globalization. As borders become more porous, many people
are opting to move to different countries for better fortunes, and criminal
organizations are not an exception. The yakuza are the most prominent and
powerful criminal organization in Japan. They are divided into
different groups and subgroups. They engage in diverse crimes which include
extortion, alien smuggling, illegal gambling, white-collar crime, prostitution,
drug and weapon trafficking, and other forms of crime. They have penetrated
legal businesses and the Japanese society. The yakuza are not only prominent in
Japan but they have
penetrated other countries in Asia, Australia, and the western
hemisphere (Global Security, 2016).
Policing
All police
officers in Japan
are tasked with the responsibility of crime detection, in addition to
protecting life, persons and property. Other duties include suppressing crime,
apprehending criminals and suspects, enforcing traffic, maintaining order and
public safety, and preventing crime. Every police station has specialized units
that deal with investigating crimes, specifically those that take a long time. The
National Police is involved in the control of police operations, planning of
policies dealing with the police, and coordinating police administration. The
national public safety commission supervises the national police agency. The
commission is involved in establishing basic policies and regulations,
authorizing general standards for issues concerned with training,
communication, criminal statistics, resources, and forensics, as well as
coordinating police administration (UNAFEI 2011). The police in Japan
are involved in pre-trials. The main intention is to determine the persons
responsible for committing crime and their reasons for doing so (DeSombre,
1995).
In Finland, the
police department in the ministry of the interior manages and establishes
police activities. It makes decisions concerning national strategies and it
establishes pre conditions for police activities. The department is involved in
providing guidance on security matters and revising the law related to the
police. The police department is also involved in other diverse matters such as
lotteries and money collection, firearms, and amusement machines. The
department has six units which include the advisory staff, international
affairs, administration, operational policing, planning and budgeting, and the
security sector supervision. There is one police officer for every 650
inhabitants. The Police Act mandates every police officer to respect people’s
rights and freedoms when they are exercising power (OSCE, 2006).
Courts
Attorneys,
judges, and prosecutors in Japan
have the same qualifications. Public prosecutors are involved in investigating
cases, instituting prosecution, supervising the execution of judgment, and
requesting the proper implementation of the law by the court. There are five
courts in Japan.
They include the Supreme Court, high court, district court, family court and
summary court. The Japanese system defines juveniles as people under the age of
20. Children who are below 14 years old are not held criminally liable (UNAFEI
2011). There is one Supreme Court located in Tokyo. It is the highest court and it
consists of a chief justice and fourteen justices. It hears appeals from the
high court on matters concerning violation of the constitution, error in the
interpretation of the constitution, and adjunctions that are contrary to the
precedents of the higher courts. There are eight high courts located in the
eight major cities in the country. There are fifty district courts each located
in each prefecture. The family courts handle juvenile cases that involve
persons under the age of 20 years. Summary courts deal with lighter cases such
as misdemeanors, gambling, and embezzlement, whose sentences involve payment of
fines. They can impose imprisonment with work for up to three years.
The main courts
in Finland
include the Supreme Court, appeals court, administrative courts, and district
courts. In addition there are other special courts such as the market court, labor
court, insurance court, and the high court of impeachment. The district court
handles matters concerning criminal and civil systems. This court also handles
matters concerning divorce and custody. Decision in this court can be appealed in the
court of appeal. The court of appeal also handles cases dealing with treason. The
administrative court handles cases dealing with the authorities. Appeals in
this court head directly to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has to grant
leave to appeal to receive appeals from the lower courts. In addition to
issuing justice, the supreme court advices the president and the ministry of
justice on matters concerning extradition.
Corrections
Correctional
services in Japan
are under the correction bureau of the ministry of justice. They deal with both
adult and juvenile corrections. Japan
has eight regional corrections headquarters whose objective is to supervise the
penal institutions. Correctional institutions include penal institutions and
juvenile correctional institutions. The penal institutions include prisons,
detention houses, and juvenile prisons. The juvenile institutions include
juvenile training schools and juvenile classification homes. The institutions
include 62 prisons, 7 juvenile prisons, 8 detention houses, 8 branch prisons,
and 103 branch detention houses (UNAFEI 2011). The juvenile prisons hold
persons under the age of 26 years. Juveniles are studied in classification
homes and they are kept in custody for two to eight weeks. During this time,
the authorities study the juveniles’ behavior, background, and character,
before the judges make the final decision in family courts.
Inmates needing specialized medical assistance
are treated at medical prisons. Each penal institution has sections dealing
with security and industry, education and welfare, medical care,
classification, and parole preparations. They can have other sections as the
need arises. The probation office in Japan is tasked with supervising the
juvenile and adult offenders on parole and on probation, investigating and
applying pardons, promoting crime prevention activities in the community, supervising
halfway houses, training volunteer probation officers and halfway house
workers, and adjusting inmates relationships prior to their release. Japan
has rehabilitation aid associations whereby former offenders can get clothes,
medical care, and meals temporarily (UNAFEI 2011).
Finland does
not have a death penalty and it does not use punishment it considers degrading
to humanity. The age limit for criminal responsibility is fifteen. Child
welfare authorities deal with children offenders under the age of fifteen.
Children who are fifteen to seventeen years old are under both welfare and
criminal systems (Ekunwe & Jones, 2012). There are thirty prisons in
different parts of the country. There are two hospital units, 17 closed
institutions, and 18 open institutions. The probation service handles matters
concerning juvenile punishment, enforcement of community services, and
supervision of young offenders. Finland
has conditional imprisonment and young offenders that have not yet attained
eighteen years are applicable for unconditional imprisonment. Community
services can be anywhere between 20 and 200 hours. Those eligible for community
service include offenders whose crime is not more than eight months. The
offender has to be able to carry out the community services. Prior convictions
can make a person ineligible for community service (Ekunwe & Jones, 2012).
The country has
established the purpose of prison as a place where criminals are prepared for a
life free of crime. This has enabled the prison system to provide important
skills and to help offenders to reenter the society. The Prisons Act deals with
diverse issues concerning prisoners including their discipline, accommodation,
inspections, participation of activities, their arrival and departure from the
prison, and their contacts with the outside world. There are no private prisons
in Finland
and all prisons are run by state officials. Prisoners have the option of open
institutions, especially if they participate in different work activities and
rehabilitative programs. Open institutions do not have walls. Prisoners have
the option of pursuing their studies either in or out of the prison. They can
also serve part of their sentences outside prison, in places such as rehab
centers. Some prisons help inmates with their cognitive skills which help in
improving their social lives and their problem solving abilities. Prisoners who
have served a half or two thirds of their sentence can request permission to
leave. Prison leave can also be granted for special needs such as health care,
events related to family, work, housing and training. Most of the prisoners are
often released on parole. In Finland,
juveniles and young adults are rarely sentenced to prison and they do not
receive life sentences. Prisoners become eligible for parole after they have
served a third of their prison term. The most common forms of punishments are
fines, instructions on social skills, employment support, and weekly meetings
with supervisors (Dowd, 2015).
International Policing and Investigative Agencies
Japan
cooperates with its neighbors and other countries in international policing. Japan
established the law for international assistance in investigation in 1980. The
law has enabled the national police agency in the country to cooperate with
foreign investigative agencies and to engage in multilateral international
cooperation through Interpol. Japan
has a formal treaty for extradition with the US (Koenig, 2001). It has assisted
with drug law enforcement and criminal identification and investigations in
neighboring countries. Japan
accepts trainees from other countries, who come to learn about the policing
system in the country. it also sends its experts to other countries. It also
participates in international policing by giving grants, aid, and policing
equipment to other countries. The Japan police work with Interpol. In
addition, it has assisted in international relief activity (NPA, 2005)
The National
Bureau of Investigations in Finland
handles all cases relating to international crimes, through its International
Affairs Department. It cooperates with other police authorities around the
world. It offers access to Interpol’s communication network. International
policing in Finland
also deals with cross-border crimes, international communication, and legal
assistance (Interpol, 2015). The bureau is also the national unit for Europol.
It handles diverse cases dealing with human trafficking, unauthorized entry,
ensuring security in territorial waters as well as land and sea borders. The
supreme police command facilitates cooperation between the police and the
agencies representing the European Union. The security police in the country are
involved in combating international organized crime, especially threats related
to international terrorism.
The US plays a
major role in international policing through its various agencies and
cooperation with other foreign institutions. Different law agencies involved in
international policing include the federal bureau of investigations and the
drug enforcement administration. The role of the organizations in policing has
become especially important as the world continues to experience increase in
organized crime and terrorism. The FBI has attaches in different countries all
over the world and it can engage in investigations when the need arises. Though
the agency cannot make arrests on foreign soil, it can cooperate with the local
law enforcement to ensure criminals are apprehended. US police and
investigative agencies prefer to work alone, although they do cooperate with
Interpol (Deflem, 2005)
Recommendations for
improvement in the US
The US could benefit by evaluating its
juvenile criminal system. There is a high incarceration rate of juveniles in
the country. Some people are tried as adults even though they have not attained
18 years. In the case of Japan,
juveniles are considered to be less than twenty years and only persons who are
under 26 years are sent to juvenile prisons. The US should consider the relationship
between low education attainment and high criminal rates. Improving the chances
of acquiring education to the highest levels will lead to better life
opportunities and better chances of employment, and this will draw people away
from crime (Dowd, 2015).
Finland
has managed to reduce its crime rates and its rate of recidivism despite its
gentle approach to criminal justice. This shows that harsher sentences do not
necessarily reduce crime. The prisons in the US should focus more on offering
rehabilitation opportunities by ensuring that the inmates have adequate skills.
The present situation is that the criminal justice system in the US is
harmful to the offender. This is especially the case in corrections. The lack
of opportunity to learn anything meaningful ends up worsening the offender (Laine,
1999). The criminal justice system in the US also encourages plea bargaining.
Such bargaining involves the prosecution and the defense, after which the judge
receives a summary hearing. Plea bargaining violates the rights of the accused
since it dismisses the trials that are meant to protect the rights of the
accused. The US
should consider the Japanese system which prohibits plea bargaining. The system
also requires every conviction to have a trial (DeSombre, 1995). One of the
defining features of the Finnish criminal justice system is the focus on the
individual. The system takes the time to ensure that the inmates are prepared
for life outside prison by giving the offenders a chance to learn social
skills. The Finnish system recognizes that inmates can have difficulties
adjusting to life outside prison, hence its decision to prepare the inmates. The
US
should provide alternative means of punishments and focus on offering shorter
sentences.
An open system
in prisons gives more leeway to the inmates. Finland
has adopted such a model while America
has emphasized on a closed system. Closed systems are more dangerous and
unsafe. It creates an atmosphere where the inmates feel the desire to be
hardened since they are in the system. In the open systems in Finland, there
is a different atmosphere. The relations between the staff and the inmates tend
to be more cordial even though the prisoners may have committed similar types
of crimes as inmates in other prisons. An open system might mean more freedom
for the inmates, conjugal visits, no censorships, possibility to study and work
outside prison, and more possibility of visits from family (Laine, 1999). There
is a clear benefit to having such a system. However, the US can adjust its model based on
its unique needs.
Japan
Finland
Policing
Unlike police in the US, the police in Japan can conduct pre trials
The police in Japan are supervised by a
commission
Police interrogate the suspect
with the intention of finding out who committed the crime
The ministry of interior is the
sole body responsible for managing and formulating police activities
The number of police is adequate
for the population
The police work under the police
act, which emphasizes observance of human dignity when exercising power
Court system
The criminal justice system in
the country consists of five courts
The court defines juveniles as
people under the age of 20
Children below the age of 14 are
not criminally liable
Juvenile cases are handled in the
family court
There are four different courts
in the country
The court system includes special
courts that handle particular issues such as labor
The supreme court advices the
president and relevant ministries on matters concerning extradition
Corrections
The correction bureau of the
ministry of justice handles all correction matters in the country
The system includes juvenile
training schools and juvenile classification homes
Juvenile prisons hold persons
under the age of 26 years, people this age are regarded as adults in the US
There are medical prisons for
inmates requiring specialized medical attention
Finland does not have a death
penalty
The age limit for criminal
responsibility is fifteen
Court system has both closed and
open institutions
Most prisoners come out on parole
and they do not finish their prison terms
Prisoners have more liberty and
they can seek leave of prison, pursue work and advance their studies outside
prison
Investigative agencies
Japan collaborates with its
neighbors and other countries in international policing
It engages in multilateral
international cooperation through Interpol
The US prefers to work alone although
it is a member of Interpol
The National Bureau of
Investigations in Finland
handles all cases relating to international crimes. In the US different agencies dealing
with specific issues are involved in international policing
Finland is a member of Europol.
The US
depends on domestic agencies on matters concerning international policing
References:
Deflem, M. (2005). International
policing – the role of the United States. Retrieved from http://deflem.blogspot.com/2005/04/international-policing-role-of-united.html
DeSombre, C. J. (1995). Comparing the notions of the Japanese and the U.S. criminal justice system: An examination of
pretrial rights of the criminally accused in Japan
and the United States.
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 14, 103-147
Dowd, E. N. (2015). A new juvenile
justice system: Total reform for a broken system. New York, NY: NYU Press
Ekunwe, I. O., & Jones, S. R.
(2012). Finnish criminal policy: From hard time to gentle justice. The Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, 21(1&2),
173-189
Global Security (2016). Organized
crime: Yakuza. Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/yakuza.htm
Interpol (2015). Member countries: Finland.
Retrieved from http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Europe/Finland
Koeinig, D. J. (2001). International
police cooperation: A world perspective. Lanham,
MD: Lexington
Press
Laine, M. (1999). Some old and some new experiences: Criminal justice and
corrections in Finland.
UNAFEI Material Series, 54, 271-282. Retrieved
from http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No54/No54_21VE_Laine.pdf
Ministry of the Interior (2015). The
Finnish police: the police service in Finland. Retrieved from http://polis.osce.org/countries/f/18/112/FinnishPoliceBrochure.pdf
NPA (2005). International cooperation Japanese police. National Police Agency. Retrieved from https://www.npa.go.jp/english/international/pdf/p3.pdf
OSCE (2006). Finland:
General information. OSCE Polis.
Retrieved from http://polis.osce.org/countries/details?item_id=18
UNAFEI (2004). Criminal justice system in Japan. United Nations Asia and Far East
Institute. Retrieved from http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/CJSJ_2011/03Chapter1.pdf
Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Cairns, Australia
Cairns is a city in north Queensland
Australia. It has a land area of 1687 km2 on a coastal strip between the Great
Dividing Range and the Coral Sea. It is part
of the wet tropics, and it borders the wet tropics rainforest, the Coral Sea,
and the Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park.
It has sub regions to the north and south and some offshore islands including Snapper,
Fitzroy, and Frankland. The estimated residential population as of 2012 was 154,820.
Cairns was founded
in 1876 and it was named after Sir William Wellington Cairns, who was the state
governor at the time. It is the traditional land of the Bama Aboriginal people.
It has one of the highest populations of indigenous populations of first people
in Australia.
It was formally
declared a town in 1903 and at that time, it had a population of 3500 (Cairns
Regional Council). The first white settlers in the region were attracted by
beche de mer fishing. However, the population shot up when gold was discovered
in the region. Many European and Chinese people settled in the region. The
extension of the railway line and the development of agriculture were
instrumental to the growth of the region. Cairns
was recognized as a city in 1923 (Cairns Regional Council). The city has
continued to grow since then. One of its main significant areas of growth is in
the tourism sector.
Cairns is one of the most popular tourist
regions in the country because of its warm climate and great scenery. The region
experiences summer from December to February and this is the wet or monsoon season.
The weather is humid and stormy during this time. Temperatures range from 24° –
31°. The mean rainfall in December is 178.8mm. The region can also experience tropical
cyclones during this time, as they last from November to May. However, at most
times, the winds tend to be calm despite the weather.
Hotel demand in Cairns continues to
increase as many domestic and international tourists visit the region. Cairns has risen to compete with other major cities in Australia for
tourist visits. The region has become more competitive as people try to
diversify their tourist attractions. Cairns
had an occupancy rate of 74.3% in 2014. This was an increase of 5.1%. The city
also recorded the strongest growth in average daily rates. In 2014, the average
daily rate was 127.70, which was an increase of 4.9% (Colliers International 6).
The Cairns regional gallery
will host the postcard show in December. This is a fundraise event in which
different Australian artists produce postcard sized art. The art is then
exhibited before being auctioned off at the event (Hotel Travel). The artists
specialize in different areas including painting, sculpture, textile,
printmaking, and assemblage. This increases the products for the exhibitions
and those on offer for the auction. The event is the Gallery’s main fundraising
event for the year. Therefore, diversifying the products available for auction
is bound to make it more successful as it is likely to appeal to many people. Other
events will be ongoing in December. For instance, the Illusion Impossible,
which runs from 7 October to 19 December. The venue for the event will be the
reef hotel casino. The Kewarra beach resort and spa shall hold the night under
the stars in 2 December.
Works
Cited:
Cairns
Regional Council. Facts, Figures &
History. 30 July 2015. Web. 16 Oct. 2015
Colliers International. Research
and Forecast Report First Half 2015 Australia. 2015. Web. 16 Oct.
2015
Hotel Travel. Cairns Travel Guides: Events and Festivals. 2015.
Web. 16 Oct. 2015