PHD Research Proposal

Analyzing Capital Structure

In this module, we are focusing on the capital structure of a company. Please respond to the following discussion prompts by providing a detailed response:
Analyze the capital structure of the company you used for the financial statement analysis.
Compare and contrast the benefits and risks associated with this structure.

true or false

Accounting Assignment Help TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS

1. Finance is the study of how individuals, institutions, and businesses acquire, spend and manage money and other financial resources.
2. Business finance is the study of financial planning, asset management and fund raising by businesses and financial institutions.
3. Finance at the macro level is the study of financial institutions and financial markets and how they operate within the financial system in both the U.S. and global economies.
4. A credit union is an example of a financial intermediary.
5. The primary goal of the financial manager in a profit-seeking organization is to maximize the owners’ wealth.
6. Capital formation is the creation of productive facilities such as building, tools, and equipment.
7. In a highly developed economy, capital formation takes place directly.
8. Depository institutions include commercial banks, savings banks, investment banks, and life insurance companies.
9. Contractual savings institutions include investment companies, money market funds, and life insurance companies, which receive relatively steady inflows of money.
10. Finance companies provide loans directly to consumers and businesses.
11. The secondary securities markets are involved in creating and issuing new securities, mortgages, and other claims to wealth.
12. Most of today’s financial intermediaries may be traced back prior to 1800.
13. The World Bank has no association with the United Nations.
14. Intermediation is the accumulation and lending of savings by depository institutions.
15. One of the most significant functions of the financial system is the creation of money, which serves as a medium of exchange.
16. Personal finance involves the lending of money to individuals.
17. A unit of account is a way to measure prices. An example is the dollar.
18. The Federal Reserve Board is an example of a financial intermediary.
19. One of the basic financial functions of an economy is to maintain a favorable balance of trade.
20. The transfer and marketing of financial assets is one of the requisites of an effective financial system.
21. Within the general field of finance, the tree main areas of study are financial management, real estate, and pension fund management.
23. The financial environment encompasses the financial system, institutions, markets, and individuals that make the economy operate efficiently.
24. It is not necessary to have financial markets for a financial system to operate efficiently.
25. Financial institutions are physical locations or electronic forums that facilitate the flow of funds amongst investors, businesses, and governments.
26. Financial markets are not necessary for productive capital formation.
27. Securities firms accept and invest individual savings and also facilitate the sale and transfer of securities between investors.
28. Investment banks sell new securities issued by businesses to individual and institutional investors through the primary securities markets.
29. Derivatives markets are electronic markets where banks and institutional traders buy and sell various currencies on behalf of businesses and other clients.
30. Capital markets are the markets where debt securities with maturities of one year or less are traded.
31. Commercial paper is a short term unsecured promissory note issued by a high credit-quality corporation.
32. A treasury bond is a debt security issued by a state or local government with a maturity ranging from five to 20 years.
33. Financial markets are financial intermediaries that take deposits from suppliers of capital such as individual savers and investors and make loans to demanders of capital such as businesses.
34. Financial institutions are financial intermediaries that take deposits from suppliers of capital such as individual savers and investors and make loans to demanders of capital such as businesses.
35. Financial management involves the sale or marketing of securities, the analysis of securities, and the management of investment risk through portfolio diversification.
36. Entrepreneurial finance is the study of how growth-driven performance-focused, early-stage firms raise financial capital and manage operations and assets.
37. Personal finance is the study of how growth-driven performance-focused, early-stage firms raise financial capital and manage operations and assets.
38. Personal finance is the study of how individuals prepare for financial emergencies, protect against premature death and property losses, and accumulate wealth.
39. Entrepreneurial finance is the study of how individuals prepare for financial emergencies, protect against premature death and property losses, and accumulate wealth.
40. An effective financial system is a complex mix of government and policy makers, a monetary system, financial institutions, and financial markets that interact to expedite the flow of financial capital from savings into investment.
41. A financial market is a complex mix of government and policy makers, a monetary system, financial institutions, and financial markets that interact to expedite the flow of financial capital from savings into investment.
42. Financial Institutions are a complex mix of government and policy makers, a monetary system, financial institutions, and financial markets that interact to expedite the flow of financial capital from savings into investment.
43. Among the six principles of finance are that money has a time value, higher returns are expected for taking more risk, diversification can reduce risk, and that reputation maters.
44. Among the six principles of finance are that money has a time value, higher returns are expected for taking more risk, and that there definitely is a thing called a “free lunch” in investing.
45. One of the reasons people should study finance is so that they can make informed investment decisions.
46. One of the reasons cited in the text explaining why people should study finance is so that they can make informed economic decisions.
47. One of the reasons cited in the text explaining why people should study finance is so that they get richer faster.
48. Career opportunities in finance are available in the areas of financial management, depository financial institutions, securities markets and investment firms, and contractual savings and real property organizations.
49. Barter is the exchange of goods or services without money.
50. No other asset is as liquid as money, because money is itself, a medium of exchange.
51. A store of purchasing power is the most important function of money.
52. Money must serve as a standard of value.
53. The two basic components of the U.S. money supply are physical money and deposit money.
54. Physical money includes coin and currency.
55. The bimetallic standard was difficult to maintain because the market ratio between silver and gold changed constantly.
56. A bimetallic standard is a monetary standard based on two metals, usually silver and gold.
57. Full-bodied money is a monetary standard based on two metals, usually silver and gold.
58. Full-bodied money is coins that contain the same value in metal as their face value.
59. Representative full-bodied money is coins that contain the same value in metal as their face value.
60. Representative full-bodied money is paper money fully backed by a precious metal such as gold.
61. A bimetallic standard is a monetary standard based on gold.
62. No full-bodied or representative full-bodied money is in use in the United States today.
63. Representative full-bodied money is paper money that is backed by an amount of precious metal equal in value to the face amount of the paper money.
64. Representative full-bodied money consists of paper money fully backed by a precious metal.
65. Token coins are coins containing metal of less value than their stated value.
66. Fiat money must be backed by a specific amount of gold or silver.
67. Fiat money is a form of credit money.
68. Money is anything generally accepted as a means of paying for goods and services and for paying off debts.
69. Money is perfectly liquid.
70. Fiat money generally becomes worthless if the issuing government – such as the Confederate government of the Civil War –fails.
71. Fiat money is paper money fully backed by a precious metal such as gold.
72. Fiat money is legal tender proclaimed to be money by law.
72. Fiat money is money obtained by the sale of Italian Fiat automobiles throughout Europe.
73. Deposit money is backed by the creditworthiness of the depository institution that issued the deposit.
74. “Continentals” were monies issued by the U.S. government to help finance the Civil War.
75. “Continentals” were denominated in dollars and were backed by gold.
76. The use of “continentals” led to a long period of distrust of paper money.
77. Travelers’ checks are a component of the M1 money supply.
78. M2 excludes M1 money supply components.
79. M1 is the broadest definition of money supply.
80. Most of the financial assets added to the M2 definition of money supply provide their owners with a higher rate of return than do M1 financial assets.
81. M3 money supply includes M2 plus large time deposits and institutional MMMFs, repurchase agreements, and Eurodollar deposits.
82. M1 money supply consists of currency, travelers’ checks, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits.
83. M1 money supply is equal to the sum of M2 and M3 money supply.
84. M1 money supply is the broadest definition of money supply.
85. Even though credit card balances and limits are not included in any definition of money supply, these balances and limits can affect the rate of turnover of money supply and contribute to money supply expansion.
86. Because credit card balances and limits can affect the rate of turnover of money supply and contribute to money supply expansion, these balances and limits are included in the M3 definition of money supply.
87. In recent years, M2 is about twice as big as M1.
88. Currency held in vaults of depository institutions is excluded from M1.
89. The monetary system is responsible for carrying out the financial functions of creating and transferring money.
90. Keynesians believe that when the supply of money exceeds the quantity demanded, the public will spend more rapidly causing inflation.
91. Keynesians believe that a change in the money supply first causes a change in interest rate levels, which, in turn, alters the demand for goods and services.
92. Key policy makers in a country’s financial system include the President, Congress, the U.S. Treasury, and the Federal Reserve Board.
93. The role of key policy makers in a country’s financial system is to pass laws and set fiscal and monetary policies.
94. The role of key policy makers in a country’s financial system is to accumulate and invest savings.
95. Currently, the international monetary system can best be described as a managed floating exchange rate system.
96. Currently, the international monetary system can best be described as a managed pegged exchange rate system.
97. M1 includes currency and demand deposits but excludes travelers’ checks.
98. The system of fixed exchange rates was maintained until 1980.
99. The U.S. dollar was defined in terms of gold until the 1980s.
100. Our monetary standard today is the paper dollar, issued by the Federal Reserve, and can be exchanged for gold or silver.

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The primary goal of the financial manager of a profit-seeking organization is to:
a. maximize market share
b. maximize the owners’ wealth
c. increase sales and profit
d.have healthy cash flow
2. Finance has its origins in:
a.economics and statistics
b.accounting and sociology
c.accounting and economics
d.psychology and mathematics
3. An effective financial system needs:
a. an efficient monetary system
b. to be able to create capital by channeling savings into investment
c. markets in which to buy and sell claims to wealth
d. all of the above
4. Crucial elements of well-developed financial systems include:
a. financial management
b. financial intermediaries
c. financial markets
d. all of the above
5. Financial functions in the U.S. system include:
a. transferring financial assets
b. creating money
c. accumulating savings
d. all of the above
6. Money is most correctly defined as anything that:
a. is generally accepted as payment of goods and services and for discharging debts
b. has general value in exchange
c. is designed by the government as a means of discharging obligations
d. is accepted by the government as a means of paying taxes
7. A basic requirement for an effective financial system is a monetary system that performs which of the following financial functions?
a. formation and transferring of money
b. storing gold and silver to back up money
c. creating jobs
d. transferring real assets
8. Basic requirements of an effective financial system include:
a. creating money
b. transferring money
c. accumulating savings
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
9. Business finance is concerned with:
a. financial planning
b. asset management
c. fund raising
d. all the above
e. none of the above
10. Maximization of shareholder wealth is accomplished through:
a. financial planning
b. financial analysis
c. asset management
d. all the above
e. none of the above
11. Which of the following would not be a characteristic of good money?
a. it is universally accepted
b. its value can fluctuate widely
c. it must be convenient to use
d. none of the above
12.* The basic requirements for an effective financial system in a developed economy include:
a. a monetary system
b. a savings-investment process
c. markets for the transfer of financial assets
d. all of the above
13.* Career opportunities in finance involving both treasury and control functions are generally associated with:
a. business financial management
b. financial intermediaries
c. securities markets
d. government organizations
14. ________________ involves financial planning, asset management, and fundraising decisions to enhance the value of businesses.
a. financial markets
b. financial institutions
c. finance
d. financial management
15. ________________ involves the sale or marketing of securities, the analysis of securities, and the management of risk through portfolio diversification.
a. investments
b. financial institutions
c. finance
d. financial management
16. ________________ is the study of how individuals, institutions, governments, and businesses acquire, spend, and manage financial resources.
a. financial markets
b. financial institutions
c. finance
d. financial management
17. The study of how growth-driven, performance-focused, early stage firms raise financial capital and manager operations and assets is called:
a. entrepreneurial finance
b. personal finance
c. finance
d. financial management
18. The study of how individuals prepare for financial emergencies, protect against premature death and property losses, and accumulate wealth is called:
a. entrepreneurial finance
b. personal finance
c. finance
d. financial management
19. How an individual or organization treats others legally, fairly and honestly is called:
a. legal behavior
b. moral behavior
c. ethical behavior
d. none of the above
20. An economy’s _____________________ is the interaction of policy makers, a monetary system, financial institutions, and financial markets to expedite the flow of financial capital from savings into investment:
a. banking system
b. stock market
c. capital market
d. financial system
21. All of the following are included among the six principles of finance except
a. money has a time value
b. lower returns are expected for taking on more risk
c. diversification of investments can reduce risk
d. manager and stockholder objectives may differ
22. All of the following are included among the six principles of finance except
a. money has a time value
b. higher returns are expected for taking on more risk
c. diversification of investments can reduce risk
d. all of the above are among the six principles
23. The possible conflict between the owners and the managers of a firm is sometimes called
a. the time value of money problem
b. the diversification issue
c. the agency problem
d. the reputation conundrum
24. The reasons cited in the text for why a person should study finance is
a. so that they can make informed economic decisions
b. so that they can make informed personal and business decisions
c. so that they can make informed career decisions
d. all of the above
25. Career opportunities in finance are available in the areas of
a. financial management
b. depository financial institutions
c. securities markets and investment firms
d. all of the above
26. When it is a means of paying for goods and services and discharging debts, money is referred to as a:
a. store of purchasing power
b. medium of exchange
c. standard of value
d. liquid asset
27. Which of the following describes the basic function of money?
a. store of purchasing power
b. standard of value
c. medium of exchange
d. liquidity
28. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Legal tender is money backed only by government credit.
b. Credit money represents any circulating medium which has little real value relative to its monetary value.
c. The Monetary Act of 1792 resulted in an early monetary system that relied almost exclusively on the use of foreign coins.
d. All of the above statements are correct.
29. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Money can always function as a store of purchasing power, even if its value is relatively unstable.
b. The ease with which an asset can be exchanged for money or other assets is referred to as liquidity.
c. Credit money is any circulating medium which has little intrinsic value relative to its monetary value.
d. In the future, electronic funds transfer systems may be used to such an extent that a virtually checkless society may result.
30. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Until the Civil War, the federal government was the major issuer of paper money.
b. In order for traders in early economies to accept or barter for items, the supply of the item had to be limited in relation to the desire of individual in the economy to have the item.
c. Collectors of old coins and paper money are referred to as numismatists.
d. All of the above statements are false.
31. The function of money that expresses prices and contracts for deferred payments in terms of the monetary unit is referred to as:
a. store of purchasing power
b. standard of value
c. medium of exchange
d. credit money
32. Barter involves the exchange of:
a. goods for gold
b. goods for silver
c. gold for silver
d. goods and services
33. All Money must perform the following basic functions EXCEPT:
a. guarantee of validity
b. medium of exchange
c. standard of value
d. store of value
34. The three functions of money are:
a. medium of exchange, store of value, and measure of liquidity
b. conduit for international trade, store of value, and standard of value
c. medium of exchange, store of value, and standard of value
d. inflation hedge, measure of liquidity, and medium of exchange
35. An increase in the general overall prices of goods and services that is not offset by increases in the quality of those goods and services is the definition for:
a. liquidity
b. inflation
c. full-bodied goods and services
d. store of purchasing power
36. Functions of money include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Money serves as a medium of exchange.
b. Money may be held as a store of value.
c.Money serves as a standard of value.
d.All of the above are functions of money.
37. Functions of money include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Money serves as a medium of exchange.
b. Money may be held as a store of value.
c.Money determines the wealth of a nation.
d.All of the above are functions of money.
38. With a mint ratio of 15 to 1 between gold and silver and a market ratio of 15.5 to 1:
a. gold should go out of circulation
b. silver should go out of circulation
c. paper money will predominate
d. the bimetallic standard will be stable
39. The U.S. bimetallic standard was based on:
a. gold and platinum
b. silver and gold
c. gold and copper
d. silver and copper
40. Which of the following would not be considered liquid?
a. money in savings accounts
b. coins
c. currency
d. all the above are liquid
e. none of the above are liquid
41. The advantages claimed for a bimetallic standard were not gained in actual practice because:
a. one of the metals disappeared from circulation because the mint and market ratios were not the same
b. the supply of gold was inadequate
c. the supply of silver and gold was not balanced among the nations that were on a bimetallic standard
d. all of the above
42. A monetary standard based on two metals, usually silver and gold is called:
a. full-bodied money
b. a bimetallic standard
c.Fiat money
d.none of the above
43. Paper money backed by a precious metal is called:
a. full-bodied money
b. a bimetallic standard
c.representative full-bodied money
d.none of the above
44. Paper money fully backed by a precious metal and issued by the government is called:
a. fiat money
b. representative full-bodied money
c. full-bodied money
d. credit money
45. Fiat money is:
a. representative full-bodied money
b. full-bodied money
c. legal tender proclaimed to be money by law
d. all of the above
46. Token coins are:
a. full-bodied coins
b. coins containing metal of less value than their stated value
c. coins containing gold or silver
d. representative full-bodied money
47. Fiat money is:
a. paper money issued by central banks with full metallic backing
b. government notes representing a specific amount of gold in storage
c. full-bodied money
d. none of the above
48. Any circulating money which has little real value relative to its monetary value is called:
a. credit money
b. representative full-bodied money
c. full-bodied money
d. all of the above
49. When coins have an intrinsic value equal to the value of the metal they contain, they are referred to as:
a. full-bodied money
b. representative full-bodied money
c. token coins
d. all of the above
50. Legal tender proclaimed to be money by law is called:
a. representative money
b. fiat money
c.representative full-bodied money
d.none of the above
51. A rise in prices that is fully offset by increases in quality is called:
a. deflation
b. inflation
c.stagflation
d.none of the above
52. Which of the following statements about greenbacks is false?
a. Greenbacks were money issued by the U.S. government to help finance the Civil War.
b. Greenbacks were fiat money.
c. Greenbacks were not redeemable for gold or silver.
d. All of the above statements are correct.
53. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Both gold and silver have now been completely removed from any monetary role in the U.S. economy.
b. Savings deposits and small time deposits at depository institutions constitute part of the M1 money supply definition.
c. Fiat money is gold coins issued by central banks under authority of the government.
d. The monetary system of the United States today is based on a dollar standard, and the dollar can be converted into gold.
54. Today’s Federal Reserve notes are:
a. backed by gold
b. backed by silver
c. fiat money
d. none of the above
55. The only paper money of significance in the economy today is:
a. silver certificates
b. demand deposits
c. greenbacks
d. Federal Reserve notes
56. Deposit money is backed by:
a. gold
b. silver
c. creditworthiness of the issuer
d. creditworthiness of the depository institution
e. none of the above
57. Credit money includes:
a. checking accounts at commercial banks
b. checkable deposits at savings and loan associations
c. checking accounts at credit unions
d. all the above
e. none of the above
58. “Continentals” were backed by:
a. gold
b. silver
c. possible future tax revenues
d. none of the above
59. Credit money is backed by:
a. gold
b. silver
c. creditworthiness of the issuer
d. creditworthiness of the depository institution
e. none of the above
60. Which of the following statements are correct?
a. debit cards provide for the immediate direct transfer of deposit accounts
b. debit cards may be used for cash advances, even when there is not sufficient money in the account
c. debit cards may not be used to make cash withdrawals from automatic teller machines
d. all the above
e. none of the above
61. The M1 definition of the money supply includes which of the following items?
a. currency
b. demand deposits and other checkable deposits at depository institutions
c. travelers’ checks
d. all of the above
62. Money market funds are not included in which of the following definitions of the money supply?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. M4 or L
63. Travelers’ checks are included in which of the following money supply definitions?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. all of the above
64. Large time deposits (over $100,000) are included in which of the following money supply definitions?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. all of the above
65. Overnight repurchase agreements are not included in which of the following definition of the money supply?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. all of the above
66. Eurodollars are included in
a. M1
b. M2
c. both the above
d. neither the above
c 67. Which of the following statements is false?
a. M1, M2, and M3 include demand deposits and other checkable deposits.
b. Term repurchase agreements are included in M3, but not in M1 and M2.
c. U.S. savings bonds are included in M3, but not in M1 and M2.
d. Travelers’ checks are included in M1, M2, and M3.
68. Which of the following is not a component of the M1 definition of the money supply?
a. travelers’ checks
b. savings and small time deposits at depository institutions
c. currency held by the non-bank public
d. demand deposits at depository institutions
69. Money market funds are not included in which of the following definitions of the money supply?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. M4 or L
70. The public’s holdings of U.S. savings bonds are included in which of the following money supply definitions?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. M4 or L
a 71. Credit card usage:
a. may expand money supply
b. may contract the money supply
c. neither expand nor contract
d 72. Which are included in the money supply?
a. outstanding balances on credit cards
b. credit card limits
c. both the above
d. neither the above
73. The broadest definition of money supply is:
a. M1
b. M2
c.M3
d.M4
74. The narrowest definition of money supply is:
a. M1
b. M2
c.M3
d.M4
75. M3 includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. checking and savings
b. MMMFs
c. stocks and bonds
d. all of the above are included
76. Which of the following are not included in M1?
a. negotiable orders of withdrawal
b. automatic transfer service accounts
c. money market deposit accounts
d. credit union share draft accounts
77. Money market mutual funds do which of the following?
a. issue shares to customers
b. invest in liquid instruments
c. invest in interest-bearing debt instruments
d. all the above
78. Money decreed to be “legal tender” for the payment of debts is money backed by:
a. precious metals
b. commodities
c.government creditworthiness
d.gold or silver
79. Which of the following statements is false?
a. The Bretton Wood System of fixed exchange rates was maintained until 1975.
b. Under the Bretton Wood System, one ounce of gold was set equal to $35.
c. Under the Bretton Wood System, each participating country had it currency pegged to either gold or the U.S. dollar.
d. All of the above statements are correct.
80. A breakdown in the international gold standard occurred during:
a. the 1880–1914 period
b. World War I
c. World War II
d. the depression of the 1930s
81. In the U.S., the dollar was defined in terms of gold until the:
a. present time
b. 1980s
c. 1970s
d. 1960s
82. An effective financial system must have:
a.several sets of policy makers who pass laws and make decisions relating to fiscal and monetary policies
b.an efficient monetary system for creating and transferring money
c.financial markets that facilitate the transfer of financial assets amongst individuals, institutions, and businesses
d.all of the above
83. Which of the following statements is false?
a. The difference between total reserves and the monetary base is currency held by the nonbank public.
b. The ability to alter the money supply and credit is based on the fact that our banking system does not utilize a fractional reserve system.
c. The ability to predict M1 velocity, in addition to money supply changes, is important in achieving successful monetary policy making.
d. A derivative deposit arising out of a loan from Bank A is transferred by check to Bank B, where reserve requirement are again imposed.
84. To equal M1 money supply, the monetary base:
a. is multiplied by the money multiplier
b. is added to by the money multiplier
c. is subtracted from the money multiplier
d.none of the above

*This symbol denotes questions which are taken from the end-of-chapter self tests that appear in the text.

read and answer

First task:
Read the two management guidance releases below (the attached file). and then answer the following question
What are the 3 most important things about these earnings releases from the investor perspective? (Consider an investor who is either going to make an investment in Tiffany or Walmart, not both.)second task:
Find the latest financial statements for a company you are interested in. Go to the company’s investor relations page or sec.gov and locate the income statement. Post your income statement to the digital whiteboard. If there is a number that jumps out (very large/small/unexpected), let me know why the number is of interest.