Policy Development Paper
Organized crime occurs when a group of people organized and structured in a hierarchical basis in a number of levels continually engage and participate in illegal activities, either directly or indirectly in order to secure power and make profits by participating in both legal and illegal activities(Allum & Siebert 24, 2003). Organized crime has led to an increase in the level of prostitution, illegal gambling and interstate theft. Driven by the need to make profits, organized crime targets the lucrative illegal drugs and prostitution business. This has resulted to a massive increase in the same among other negativities. Organized crime has been observed along ethnic and geographical lines. This has led to the establishment of a policy to help minimize organic crime levels in the country.
In the past, a number of legislations have been put up to curtail organized crime. This was been driven by the need to minimize the occurrence of illegal activities. For instance, in 1984, it was estimated that organized crime took in about $20 billion annually half of which was from the sale of narcotics. Organized crime is now five times the value in 1984. This results to reduced government revenue. There have been calls from the public for the government to establish stiffer measures to fight organized crime.
This policy has a number of approaches it aims to use in the fight of organized crime. It aims to fight crime by altering and tightening the relations between the media and the police. This will involve opening organized crime cases and issues to the media for scrutiny. It aims at involving the media in the solving the cases to help minimize the frenzy media coverage that surrounds arrests made in organized crime. Involvement of the media will also help provide critical information necessary for the execution of the cases and research on organized crime. The policy also aims at minimizing the levels of corruption in the police force and various bodies involved in the fight of organized crime. The policy is also focused on dealing with management issues in the various government and police departments.
The policy will help ensure that there is an informed public on organized crime issues. It will facilitate collaboration with the media to facilitate public discussions, to help uncover the organized crime rhetoric. Research shows that there has been reduction in organized crime where there is constant interaction between the police and the media. The policy requires that police channel their information to the media in an appropriate and useful way for distribution to the public. The policy also involves emphasizing on morale and accountability issues. This is meant to help reduce the levels of corruption. It is common knowledge in the political as well as public arena that the increase in corruption levels both in the police force and in government departments has led to the increase in the level of organized crimes in the country. Calls for accountability in government agencies such as Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Customs, Alcohol, Tax and Firearms (ATF), DEA will help will help abolish the negative police culture that has been encouraging organized crime (Mallory 45, 2007).
This policy will help ensure that government and police activities are closely scrutinized to minimize organized crime. The policy aims at enlisting the participation of community in the fight against organized crimes. It also ensures that the deployment of law enforcers is properly executed. There has been an increase in the levels of sophistication of organized crime hence the need for skilled and trained police officers. In addition, collaborating with the media will go a long way in the fight against crime. For instance, coverage of busts by the media helps to motivate the officers and deter organized crime. Establishment of a powerful Organized Crime Commission and Independent Corruption Commission to overlook the fight against organized crime. All this will help ensure that there is significant reduction in organized crime levels in the country.
Healing Faith is an article by Kevin Sieff that was published in The Texas Observer in November 2008. His intention was to find out the truth about being healed by religious faith. Majority of the Latinos do not have insurance covers because they believe in religious healing. This makes them abandon scientific treatment and resort to old methods of healing such as using herbs. They believe that Fidencio, who was a saint, is their healer. Therefore, they make very long trips to his grave and beg him to heal them. Several people have testified that this saint healed them after suffering fatal diseases (Sieff, 2008).
Fidencio was a young man who claimed that he could heal using herbs. When he announced this the first time, many people queued at his doorstep. He became very popular and even the president of Mexico went to visit him. Some speculated that the president wanted to arrest Fidencio but that was not the case. He treated people since then up to the time he died. Today, Fidencio is believed to prescribe medicine that is to be given to the sick. For example, he can prescribe ointments, herbs and other medicines. Since he is dead, the message will be conveyed to the people through a mediator who is alive. His work is to announce on the street the different treatments prescribed for which diseases.
De Los Angels Martinez was suffering from kidney problems. She decided to make a trip to where the grave of Fidencio is. After three days, she felt very different and was thankful that the trip was worthwhile. Another woman was Jessie’s mother Garcia, who got better after using herbs and divine intervention. She had never had a health insurance cover by the time she developed gall bladder disorders (Sieff, 2008). Catering for hospital bills was too much for them and so the only solution was to visit Fidencio’s grave. Her healing made Jessie commit to Fidencio that she will would visit regularly. These visits were not only for petitions but also for thanksgiving.
Garcia now believes that medicine or treatment from hospitals is a waste of finances and renders it not useful. She no longer believes in it. On the other hand, she really adores Fidencio’s grave and says there is nowhere else she would rather be. Garcia and other people like her have turned to spiritual healing making the number of people increase everyday. Health specialists have become concerned about the many people who have resorted to spiritual healing. Research was carried out into this issue and it was concluded that this practice is quackery.
People believe that Fidencio knew when he would die but said that he would continue his work using the materias he left behind. Materias are people who are both men and women. They claim to be medium of communication between other people and Fidencio (Sieff, 2008). According to anthropologists, Fidenciosm is the most popular sect. It has hundreds of thousands of followers. These people classify themselves as Catholics but the Roman Church does not concur with them because it does not believe in Fidenciosm.
Some people who practice this cult also combine it with scientific treatment. Doctors have a rough time because they have to do a proper investigation on these patients. Mixing the two types of treatments can be dangerous, so doctors must enquire from patients how much they have consumed from the traditional treatment. Many people have turned to this traditional healing and this has made Mexicans lag behind in health development. All other communities in America are doing very well in terms of medical health apart from Latinos. Unfortunately, the health of these people is declining instead of improving (Sieff, 2008).
It is fascinating to see that people’s beliefs lead them to seek treatment that has not been scientifically verified. Since they have so much faith in this saint, they believe they are healed. Garcia and De Los Angeles Martinez cannot be convinced otherwise after they were healed from their ailments. Their faith is even stronger and they make regular pilgrimage trips to Fidencio’s grave to pay special tribute. Salinas has even dedicated his farm to be a shrine. This faith and commitment is admirable as far as the outcome is positive.
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Pursuasion scholarship essay helpPersuasion
Persuasion is the aptitude to come up with ideas that will capture the mind of the intended person to agree to proposal or an idea. According to Taylor, it can be noted that “persuasion is changing person’s believe about someone or something” (Taylor, 2006). This way, majority managers face many challenges trying to articulate ideas to the stakeholders and the members of the staff. In a bid to solve this issue, we will see a manager who has successfully used persuasive skills to manage a company. Jim Estill CEO of SYNNEX Canada. He started with a computer description company. With great team working hand-in-hand with him, they were able to accumulate $350,000,000 in sales. The success of this company was due to managerial skills that entail the use of persuasive skills sequentially to retain his staff.
With respect to Seperich and McCalley, they state, “In persuasive power one needs not to have a title or high profile to gain power” (Seperich & McCalley, 2006). A leader should set himself as a model so that the staff emulates him. In this way, he is acquainted with his employees and knows their troubles. By humbling and interacting with his workers, he breaks the tension among them. During the introduction of new ideas and technology, the workers will be willing to consent to his opinion. The idea of being as an example sets phase to the employees and thus efficient management. Another aspect of persuasion is through involving other parties. It is true that you cannot win in persuasions without walking with your disciples. This can be confirmed by Sant when he states that, “if you find a contributor who can create a simple clean distinctive format for you’ grasp that individual around the knees and hang on him” (Sant, 2004).
The other important part is setting limit of persuasion. This helps a lot because you only plan what you can achieve within a particular period. In other words, you should have short-term and long-term goals. This will make the manager to enjoy his work for it eliminates depression due to unrealized goals. The manager also should be proverbial with the crowd he is targeting to persuade. By having this, the manager will have easy time and he shall be able to put across the opinion he intends. Major challenges like strikes that face many companies are because of poor relations between the manager and his employees. In order to deal with this unrest, the company should establish a welfare association for the workers.
Patience of the leader is required. People who give up easily are not capable to persuade, several cases the clients or the workers require to see your patience as a leader. In business world, there are some proposals that need emphasis in order for them to be accepted. For instance, in the insurance sector many clients require a lot persuasion. It is now upon the managers to be able to demonstrate patience and humility so that he may get accreditation. For the purpose of good performance, the manager may also introduce employee evaluation forms. This forms helps in monitoring the individual work of each worker. These forms also aid the manager to persuade with confidence of having true details about the employee.
Lastly, as we have seen, persuasion is changing someone’s performance. This action is very important in business as it helps to yield much profit and popularity for the business. Persuasion requires patience, humility and not giving up. It requires the leader to set himself as an example for others to emulate. Persuasion requires teamwork and competence in all business dealings. With regard to popularity, one should engage to persuade those people he is familiar with to achieve successive persuasion.
Global warming, Nature, Beauty, Tourism, Pollution, Natural disasters, Climate change college admissions essay helpGlobal Warming, Nature, Beauty, Tourism, Pollution, Natural Disasters, Climate change
Global warming is an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere caused by gases such as carbon dioxide that come about as a result of burning of fossil fuels, industrial pollution methane from farm animals, and forest destruction. Other greenhouse gases include methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor. Braach and McKibben (2009) defined global warming as a fast, unnatural increase that is enough to cause the expected climate conditions to change rapidly and often cataclysmically. Water vapor increases the warming effects from changes in other greenhouse gases (Archer, 2007). One of the main effects of global warming is climate change because of the general increase in temperature, and this includes changes in the rainfall patterns, the sunshine, storms and changes in the sea levels. Changes in the sea level result to flooding in the low-lying coasts.
Global warming has increased the occurrences of natural disasters. Extreme fires, droughts, tornadoes, windstorms, hurricanes and ice storms are some of the disasters that have been experienced lately. A while back, the United States experienced a heavy snowstorm and very low temperatures that have not been experienced in recent history. Recently, heavy floods were witnessed in Australia, while there was drought in several parts of the world. An increase in global temperatures causes a change in the monsoon patterns and this causes intense droughts (Moral & Walker, 2007). This is because of the increase in temperature. Research has shown that wising sea levels result to the melting of polar caps. The emission of greenhouse gases traps the sun’s energy, which is then dissipated and this results in stronger storms, intense precipitation and higher winds.
The ecosystem is also affected and more ecosystems are diminishing A seemingly small increase in temperature can influence biodiversity, agriculture and oceans (Shah, 2011). Climate change has had an impact on geographic distribution of species, habitat fragmentation and loss, pests and disease. Some animal and plant species are nor able to adjust to the increase in temperatures and other climate changes. This has resulted to them changing habitats while others have become extinct. For instance, the golden toads of Costa Rica are thought to have gone extinct, and the embryos of salamanders do not develop properly under high temperatures and they are slowly disappearing in some areas opportunities (Gossling & Hall, 2006). Other species and animals affected include the mountain gorilla in Africa, the spectacled bear of the Andes and the Resplendent Quetzal in Central America among others (Maslin, 2004). This has caused a loss in biodiversity in areas where it has happened and this has resulted in loss of tourism. Some tourist destinations such as snow-covered areas depend on the cold temperatures to attract the tourists.
These areas are suffering huge losses because the increase in temperature is causing the snow to melt at a fast rate (Weart, 2008). Snowcaps and glaciers in some areas such as Mt Kilimanjaro have diminished at an alarming rate and this has caused serious effects not only to the tourism sector but also to the local community as well. The same case has been experienced in the Arctic sea, where the total area has declined by six percent. Sea life has not been spared either and ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs and coastal lagoons have been damaged (Mishra, 2010).
There are many skeptics as far as global warming is concerned. This is not without reason, because as pointed out, global warming causes an increase in temperatures and yet some regions experience colder weather patterns than before. In some cases, both droughts and floods are experienced in the same region. For instance, while there was heavy flooding in Queensland Australia, another region was fighting the devastating effects of wild fires. Others downplay the role of greenhouse emissions on global warming, placing the solar system as the main cause of it (Watts, 2007).
The graduate college essay help onlineThe Graduate
SHOT/SEQUENCE
MISE-EN-SCENE
SUBJECT+COMPOSITION
SOUND
NARRATIVE=PLOT+STORY
Cu
Ben’s face during his flight home
Captain’s voice announcing their arrival in Los Angeles
Cu+
Ben’s face during his scuba diving in the resurfacing scene
Bubbly, rushed and gasping breathe in the water
Zo
Camera moves from a close-up shot of Ben in the aircraft to exposing the other passengers in the aircraft
Air hostess speaking through the public address system imploring the passengers to fasten their seatbelts before the descent
Zi
As Mrs. Robinson calls the police to report Ben, the camera zooms in from a long shot to a close-up on her desperate move
Mrs. Robinson’s apprehensive voice into the telephone mouthpiece
Pn
After Ben reveals his sexual relation with Mrs. Robinson to her daughter Elaine, the camera focuses on her shocked face and then it pans to capture her whole body
Mrs. Robinson’s voice as she bids goodbye to Ben
PnR
In the Taft Hotel, the camera maintains a middle shot that alternates right and left pans such that the character appears in three different areas
Busy hallway
PnL
As Ben races to the church for Elaine, the camera is in a still position and as the image goes past the camera, it pans to the left for action continuity
Ben’s breathing and shouting
Tu
During the party when Ben wants to avoid the people, a tilt up shot is taken from the pool area outside and it tracks his movement as he goes upstairs
Slamming door, wind, murmured conversations and music from downstairs
Td
Camera tilts down to capture the movement of Mr. McCleery as he descends the stairs after talking to Ben
Dialogue between Mr. McCleery and Ben
DlyL
As Elaine’s mother reveals her sexual relationship with Ben, the close-up shot is transformed into a long shot by a dolly
Conversing voices, majorly on Mrs. Robinson as she narrates her story
DlyR
The camera uses a dolly to capture Ben’s reaction upon his first encounter with Elaine
Light and forced conversation between the three Robinson’s and Ben
DlyU
In one sexual scene, the camera dollies from Mrs. Robinson’s leg and up her chest
Husky conversation and moans
DlyB
Ben searches down the bed while on his knees and hands for his belt as Elaine questions him
Dialogue between Elaine and Ben
StanCamR
Mrs. Robinson passes by a camera and whispers that the party is good
Mrs. Robinson’s voice
StanCamC
The camera shoots from a distance in a centered position through the Braddock’s house as Ben and Elaine’s mum descend the stairs and Ben’s dad is conversing with the Terhunes
Ben’s voice as he informs his father that he will drive Elaine’s mum home and the goodbyes
StanCamMv
Ben lowers himself over Elaine as he tries to get intimate and she screams
Elaine’s high pierced screams that brings many scuffling to see that the incidence is
The author touches on the concepts of opportunity cost, sunk costs and historical costs. He defines opportunity cost as what you give up to get something. He equates this to life’s situations such as going to college where in order to get an education one has to forego the earnings he would have got during that period if they worked instead of going to college. According to the author, opportunity cost is not only quantified in terms of money, it is also foregone pleasure, time or any other thing that provides gain and satisfaction. The sunk cost concept is also covered. A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred in the past and cannot be recovered in the future. He uses the example of a car that is fixed the first time and then breaks down again, the owner will have to fix it irrespective of whether he fixed it the first time, because the first set of repairs were a fixed cost and the money spent cannot be recovered.
The author also explores the concept of historical costs. In some cases, the original cost of a commodity is irrelevant to the market price. An example is listed where a homebuyer would not complain that a seller who bought his house twenty years ago is selling the house at a much higher rate than he paid for it. This is because in this case, the house is priced on market cost basis and not historical cost basis. The replacement cost concept is touched on; economically it is the concept of buying a commodity to replace another commodity. The more valuable a commodity is, the higher its replacement cost will be. For instance, the cost of replacing the Van Gogh painting will be high because it was a gift hence the owner paid nothing for it; there is no historical cost to refer to.
I agree with the author on his argument that there is no such thing as a ‘free lunch’. By this he means that nothing is free, there always has to be a tradeoff between two alternatives. In this case, various costs have to be incurred by the person who receives the free lunch, now or in the future. By agreeing to go for the free lunch he has foregone the time and pleasure that he would have had if he did something else. By accepting the free lunch, he is also indebted to the person who buys him the lunch; he has to provide his company and time, and in future may be expected to reciprocate the gesture by also offering the buyer free lunch. Thus, even though he does not incur any monetary expenses in the present, he still has to pay with his time and pleasure.
The lunch is also not free because someone has had to pay for it; the cost of the lunch has been transferred to the buyer who offers it. This indicates that whenever there is a ‘free’ commodity on offer, someone has had to pay for it. For instance, in a television show where the 50th caller gets a certain amount of money free there are hidden costs. This is because the caller has to watch the show in order to know when to make the call. In addition, he spends his time and money trying to make the call in order to be the 50th caller, and after winning the money, he might feel that he owes the company or television station some loyalty therefore he will consume the product more or watch the TV station more regularly.
One of the opportunity costs that I frequently run into is when deciding whether to spend my weekend studying or doing other alternative activities. By studying, it means that I am foregoing the pleasure that I would get from watching TV, listening to music, chatting with a friend or going on a trip over the weekend. On the other hand, I benefit from increasing my knowledge, getting better grades and advancing my chances of getting a good job in future. Therefore, by depriving myself of some pleasures now, I am able to accrue greater benefits in the future. I also have to make an opportunity cost decision when deciding whether to cook or eat out. The opportunity cost of cooking is that I have to spend time shopping for the ingredients, preparing them and cooking. The opportunity cost of eating out is that I have to spend more money buying the meal and time going to a restaurant that serves the food I want.
Question # 1) Cultural Competence Question # 2)Diversity Management Challenges Question # 3) Inclusion Model college essay help onlineQuestion # 1) Cultural Competence
Feb 16, 2011
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My organization’s cultural competence is strong since it has the ability and is willing to cater for the needs of each client that are based on the client’s culture and it also bears the ability to put into use the client’s culture and view it as a guide to the solving of the customer’s needs. This is also because the practical significance of cultural competency in my department is very high and the support I receive from the leadership in my organization for improving cultural competence in my department also is very high. Cultural competence is a high priority in my organization. My organization has come up with programs that intend to promote the cohesion between the staff of different cultures. These events are for example the preparation of a culture day where different practices from different cultures are displayed (Robinson, 2009).
This helps in making the people appreciate one another and each other’s cultures. The company is also organizing a compulsory open day where members of different communities and cultures are supposed to work together and create an exhibition of the practices, tools, foods and any other activity relevant to their community and culture. These shall then be shared or sold internally and this shall also promote the cooperation and cohesion of people from different cultures and greatly improve the cultural competence of our company (Rice, 2010).
Question # 2) Diversity Management Challenges
The first challenge to diversity is the challenge on cohesion of the group and personal conflicts in the workplace. Diversity can give rise to better problem solving avenues and enhance creativity. However, it can also lead to conflicts and friction among groups where trust and respect are absent. This is because; the organization becomes more prone to risks of employee conflict as it diversifies. Lack of cohesion may be the prevalent outcome contrary to the expected cooperation. Another challenge is the employee competition for available opportunities. Groups in the organization that feel disadvantaged are already lobbying for consideration in advancement and the employer and management are placed at a compromising situation of making the decision of which group to grant first consideration (Özbilgin & Syed, 2010).
In my organization, two lobby groups have already been formed and are drafting memorandums and forwarding them to my office. The memorandums deliver the plea that the employees feel disadvantaged and they should get a revision of their pay. Personal conflicts have also been on the increase with mostly ethnic rivalries and gender rivalry. The men are reported severally of having sexually assaulted the women; charges that are most of the time denied. The challenges shall be taken as milestones by my organization and my department in particular and by the next board meeting, I shall have come up with a credible plan to solve the issues. The personal conflicts shall be a punishable offence, probably by suspension or termination unless with credible grounds and the gender assaults shall have the same punishment. The memorandums that I have received shall be put into consideration and negotiations shall be put underway immediately to put the needs of the workers first.
Question # 3) Inclusion Model
Diversity can be embedded into the company policies by embracing it. This is done by incorporating the principle of multiculturalism. This means that the company has to have a multiculturalism policy in the acquisition and employment of staff. This also means that the company should recruit on a broad view. The company should promote the hiring of new staff from a diverse pool of applicants and avoid referrals from current staff. This is because the outcome of referrals is the production of similar employees to those you already have. However, on the point that the current employee scale is diverse enough, referrals can be accepted (Klarsfeld, 2010).
Another way to promote diversity in the organization is to make the selection process as fair as possible. This means that the selection criteria embedded in the company policy should be free from any discrimination whatsoever. This can be made possible by ensuring that the selection examinations and exercises are related to the job at hand. Diversification can also be incorporated into the organization by ensuring the policies allow the conducting of training and orientation exercises to new employees. This helps in thawing the transitional stage for the new members of staff and helps in the learning process too (Hernandez, 2009).
Sensitization should also be done across the entire organization and this can be easily achieved by the involvement of the top-level staff and management. It is obvious that we all look up to people higher up in authority to us since it is the root of discipline. Therefore, the involvement of the top-level staff shall serve as a motivational tool for the rest of the junior staff. Meetings, rallies and internal memos should be circulated to preach the gospel of diversity. Another way of achieving diversity that is very crucial in its achievement is the involvement of everyone when making company policies. This means that every group should be represented and equality should be paramount. This shall ensure the diversity goal is reached fully (Bohlander & Snell, 2009).
Business Memo
ZAZU BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT
Azukum Business Street
Aggucy, Zandia.
11/2/2011
To: Zaza Business Establishment Shareholders
From: Vlyle Business Consultants
Subject: Setting a Business in the US
We would like to address the issue that concerns your interest in setting a business establishment in the US as a form of foreign investment. Being a group establishment, there are various forms of business organizations that you may choose from best fit your desires. We shall have a detailed overview of each business type in a bid to ensure the application of informed choices. You can either invest in the US as a partnership, company or a corporation.
A corporation formation is governed by state laws and this makes the institution process rather divergent. Business tariffs are enforced by the federal authorities under their own precepts. The size of the corporation determines the amount of taxes to be remitted with bigger corporations required to submit higher taxes. Generally, corporations act within a limited liability that dictates, upon bankruptcy, the members only lose their business assets with no interference on the personal property. Only group debts or accidents are covered by the business. The flexibility attached to corporations is high as it may range from a big establishment to a small one (Beatty and Susan 804). Stocks held by a corporation are free to be traded devoid the consent of all group members. Upon the demise of a group member, or the withdrawal of business establishers, the corporation is legally bounded to continuity.
Members are stratified either as major or minor partners according to the level of shares one has injected within the corporation. A major shareholder as opposed to the minor one has the ability to business management. Consequently, major members are awarded higher profits or losses in direct proportion to their contributions. The initial founding fees for a corporation are at least one thousand dollars to cover legal and filing charges, upon which lower filling charges are required on a yearly basis. At least one meeting must be scheduled for the corporation’s directors and its shareholders. The minutes taken in these conferences must be filed in a minutes’ book for an indefinite period by the corporation. Types of corporations that can be ventured into are:
Closed Corporation: it does not offer its stock for public trading. To ensure that all minor and major shareholders are accorded the same precedence, the former are protected by a shareholder veto to act on all business decisions. Incase a member decides to sell his stock he is required to first float it to the existing members before transferring it to an third party. Due to its nature as a private institution, it is exempted from the formation of a board of directors, yearly shareholder conferences or corporation by-laws (Beatty and Susan 845).
S Corporation: it is limited to one hundred shareholders trading in only one type of stock. A unanimous member agreement must be affirmed before a business can be registered as an S corporation. It is limited to US nationals, or individuals living in the US. The S corporation is protected by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) such that its members are accorded limited liability yet exempted form corporate tax payments. Tariffs are only levied on personal salaries.
Professional Corporation: it constitutes of various experts from a single field or varied fields who come together for a given purpose. Members’ property is protected by limited liability. With the professional limitation, only a restricted number of individuals can form a professional corporation. All legal requirements mentioned in other types of corporations have to be adhered to and this makes the process very costly and time intensive. The profits and dividends generated in a professional corporation are all applied to tariff payments regulated according to the varying state regulations.
A partnership on the other hand limits the minimum number of members to be two. Unlike a corporation, a partnership only requires little legal regulation whereby, it can be instituted by a written document or a verbal consent of the members. Partnerships are exempted from the tax payments. Only dividends are applied to tax charges and this is not corporately but according to the amount of dividends, a member receives. Partnerships are run under full liability and when a member acts on behalf of the group, all members are bound by the action. All forms of liability, unlike the corporation devoid of whether it has been committed on an individual capacity or as a business. When the business incurs debts or bankruptcy, business and personal assets are both used to clear the credit created (Beatty and Susan 779). Regarding loss and profit allocation, each partner is afforded equal treatment with the monetary issues being shared on equal basis across all partners. Note that this is different from a corporation setting where the number of business shares determines whether a group member is a major or minor shareholder. The profits and losses are allocated according to one’s shares in a given business organization. The equality is spread in terms of business management although for big partnerships, a provision is given for an executive committee that acts on behalf of the rest. In cases where a group member demises or withdraws, or the specified time of the organization expires, the partnership has to be dissolved. Types of partnerships include:
Limited Liability Partnership: it bears all the identified legal regulations of a general partnership but the members have limited liability. To acquire legal permission for a limited liability partnership, a statement of qualification has to be attained from state authorities. Limited liability protects the members from bearing business liability with their personal assets.
Joint Venture: it is a type of partnership between two or more businesses. The businesses must be established as individual partnerships. A joint venture has both a defined period of operation and an objective, after which it is liable to dissolution. In the created organization, the partnerships remain with their identities and a contract is used to govern the temporary relationship. Another stipulation is that joint ventures can only be created in a situation where the association generates profit.
Companies form the other type of business setting that the group may invest. Companies are business establishments that parallel a corporation. The term company is just used to denote a business setting yet it lacks legal meaning in it. Actually, a corporation is termed as a company that employs the use of stock for trading purposes.
1. Limited Liability Company: it shares some common features with a corporation and a partnership. It is governed by both state authorities and the IRS and this infuses a rather challenging legal framework. However, the Uniform Limited Liability Act has been created towards this but has not been implemented due to a heavy level of disapproval on the proposed regulations (Beatty and Susan 755). Members in this business setting are limited in the sense of liability and are mandated to tax charges on personal income/dividends just like in partnerships. However, share transfer is not structured like in the case of a structured corporation. The shareholder transfers his shares according to his preference, whether it is to a fellow member or a third party. The demise or withdrawal of a member does not affect the business and it may continue in its operations. When a limited liability company offers its shares to the public, it is immediately mandated to corporate business tax payments.
As evidenced by the above stated facts, setting up business in the US involves little legal requirements to decrease the level of bureaucracy that such systems may require. With regard to the corporations, the S corporation provides the best form of business setting under the given category, yet it can only be established if the group members agree to relocate into the US. The costs of such are high and this may not be quite a viable option owing to the knowledge that before profits can be realized, the business setting will only record losses until the breakeven point is achieved. The closed and professional corporations are both free form tax payments and would be an advantage to the group by the cost reduction created in the stipulations. Depending with your group orientation, you would be better placed in your own discretion to choose which among these two befit your business type. Note that, corporations can acquire very high loans form credit institutions and would therefore be perfect for a manufacturing venture.
The service sector requires a lower business capital and would auger well with a partnership. A limited liability partnership would be the best option for your group as level of security for personal asset protection while the business entity would be exempted from tax payment reducing the cost of establishment. To ensure that the business is well protected, the partnership it would be wise to establish the partnership through a written biding legal document for purposes of reference. A limited liability company is also a good choice though it lacks a defined legal framework and this infuses an element of difficulty in the monitoring process.
Thank you for consulting with Vlyle Business Consultants and we believe that the stated information will be very helpful in your investment endeavors.
Best Regards,
Vlyle Business Consultants
The Great Depression might have been a period of turmoil for the people but it made huge contributions where economics was concerned. During this period, the economists saw the need to revise the macroeconomic analysis and develop fiscal policy measures. The gold standard determined the amount of money in supply and it was not affected by interest rates. It was not yet clear how the changes in GDY would affect the APE then and this affected the way the economists saw the demand and supply. If the aggregate planned expenditure (APE) increased such that it exceeded the ASF, the funding available would not be enough to satisfy the demand. The interest rates would also increase because it would exceed the aggregate supply funding (ASF). Since there would be no money to finance the increase in the level of demand, the interest rates for the available funding would be increased. This is because the money supply and the velocity do not respond to changes in interest rates and they would therefore remain the same.
A decrease in the demand will correspond to a decrease in the interest rates. There will be an increase in the available funds and because of the competition, the owners will find it necessary to lower their interest rates so that they can attract more borrowers. To ensure that there is no deflation, the interest rates are only allowed to fall to a certain level such that the APE does not go beyond its original level and the rates do not reduce the ASF. This does not affect the level of output or prices because the demand created does not penetrate into businesses. It is for the same reason that there is no recession experienced. Changes in price are affected by an increase or decrease in ASF. If ASF was more than the GDP, there would be surplus funding and the banks would reduce the interest rates. This will increase the level of APE to the same level as the ASF, which is still more than the GDP. Since GDP is concerned with production, the demand would then be higher than the output and this will raise the prices of commodities and services.
The increase in prices will cause a decline in ASF, which will cause an increase in interest rates, and a decline in APE. A drop in GDP would cause an increase in prices, to stabilize and reduce the ASF, and in interest rates that would reduce the level of APE. These processes take time and businesses cannot cease operations waiting for the ASF and the APE to fall. Increase in prices and interest rates would mean slow businesses. To reduce costs, some businesses would have to lay off some employees and reduce the cut production. When the level of demand increases due to increase in ASF, the level of output also increases which in turn increases the level of employment.
The great depression saw the beginning of another school of thought where economists now realized that the supply and velocity of money were responsive to the interest rates. The velocity of money is the average number of times that the dollar is used in one year to finance current domestic output it is affected when lenders, other than banks, increase the amount of money they are lending. This was further illustrated by the graphical changes in the ASF, which now had a positive slope rather than being vertical. The rise in the rates of interest would not crowd out the demand created and some of it was used in the market place. This caused changes in price and levels of output.
Economists advocated for the use of price changes to respond to the changes in sales and keep the level output intact. If the ASF increases due to a reduction in the prices, the interest rates would decline to the level of equalizing the APE and the GDP. Demand does not respond to the changes in interest rates in a big way and the interest rates are not so high. In order for businesses to maintain a positive profit, it needs to cut its costs by the same percentage that it reduces its prices without any changes in output. If reduction in costs is less than those in prices, the profits will be minimal and there is a likelihood of them being negative. A decrease in the aggregate supply funding would cause a drop in the price rates and would not affect the employment or output levels. The belief remained that maximum profit would be achieved if the prices of commodities and production costs increased at the same level but the level of output remained constant.
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 by congress. Its aim was to manage and stabilize the supply of money in the country and stabilize the banking system and thus reduce cases of financial crises such as the ones that had been experienced previously. The Federal Reserve System is made of very highly skilled people. There are twelve Federal Reserve banks, which are privately owned and they set the regulations that other banks should follow. They use their money to pay for the operating costs, pay dividends to members and contribute to the emergency fund and support programs funded by the federal government.
The Federal Reserve System has three policy tools: open market operations, changes in the bank reserve requirements and changes in discount rates. It uses these tools to control employment, output, prices and interest rates. Coins, paper currency and checking account balances are commonly used as means of payment. The paper currencies, issued coins and dollar checking accounts are used to determine the supply of money. This does not include the amounts in Federal Reserve banks, the treasury, the amount in vaults and the account balances owned by the treasury and the domestic banks. It is represented as Supply (M) = coins and currency (CC) + checking account balances (CA).
Banks have to satisfy certain reserve requirements. They usually hold more than the required level, usually known as working reserves; this is calculated as w * CA where w is usually determined by banks and it cannot be less than zero. the total required reserves held to back the customer checking deposits is calculated as r’ * CA. the total required reserves to back the customer’s time deposits is calculated as r” * TD. The Federal Reserve System has direct control of the monetary base, the requirement per dollar of checking account deposits and the requirement per dollar of time deposits through the open market. Total reserves of all banks (R) is calculated as R = (r’ * CA) + (r” * TD) + (w * CA). The monetary base (B) is the coins, currency supplies, and all reserves in the banks. It is calculated as B = CC + R. consumers hold an average amount of coins and currencies per dollar in checking accounts. This is known as the cash to checking account deposit ratio (d). It is calculated as d = CC/CA. time deposit to checking account deposit ratio (t) is calculated as TD/CA and is approximately equal to eight. Since CC = d * CA, B = (d * CA) + R = (d + r’ + r” * t + w) * CA. CA = B / d
+ r’ + r” * t + w. M = (d * CA) + CA = (d + 1/ d + r’ + r” * t + w)* B. the formula d + 1/ d + r’ + r“ * t + w is the coefficient of the monetary base, and is commonly known as the money multiplier. Using the figures d=1.1, r’=0.07, r”=0, t=8 and w=0.003, the money multiplier can be worked out as 1.8.
Since ASF = (M * V)/p (price index), the federal reserve can increase the aggregate supply funding by increasing the monetary base, reducing the reserve requirement per dollar of checking account and time deposits or by the banks reducing the working reserves. ASF is also influenced by a decrease or increase in the price ratio, the public desired currency to deposit ratio and the public desired time deposit to checking account ratio. The open market operations are headed by the open market committee. The committee gives directives to the manager of the system open market account who then implements them. Such directives include buying and selling securities issued by the government or its agencies. The other policy tool that is employed by the federal system is the reserve requirement adjustments. This includes the checking account and the non-personal savings accounts.
Reducing loans will ensure that a higher reserve is maintained. Banks could also transfer some funds from their working reserves. The other policy tool that can be used is adjusting the discount rates. If the bank realizes that it has no reserves and it is supposed to hold a certain percentage as reserves, it will be forced to borrow from the federal government. This will increase the interest charges they will have to pay as a form of penalty. If it maintains a high working reserve, there will be no need to borrow and the reserves will be used to support other loans. However, if banks hold excessive working reserves, they will be forced to forego the interest they could have earned had they offered new loans to customers. An increase in working revenue reduces the money supply. A reduction in discount rates in comparison to the lending rates would reduce the amount of penalty expected on the interest rates. An increase in discount rates in comparison to the lending rates would increase the expected penalty on reserves.
The Gross Domestic Product is the rate at which a country produces goods and services; it is therefore affected by changes in output. It is calculated as the current value of output/price index. Prices and interest rates affect the GDP indirectly because they lead to changes in output and employment levels. Gross domestic income (GDY) includes depreciation, distributed profits, salaries, rent and interest rates among others. These can be divided into households (HY), businesses (BY), governments (GY) and foreigners (TF). GDY = HY + BY + GY + TF. The GDY only changes after a subsequent change in GDP. The APE = consumption (C) + investment (I) + government purchases (G) + exports (X) – imports (F). To avoid high rates of unemployment, increasing prices and reduced production, the federal government ought to watch government purchases, consumption, investments and the foreign trade and this will ensure that the APE will almost be equal to the GDP.
Fiscal policy can either be automatic stabilizers, which include welfare and unemployment compensation programs, or discretionary, which is manipulating federal tax revenues so as to influence interest rates, prices, output and employment levels. It affects consumption, investment and government purchases. Automatic stabilizers reduce the effects of GDY changes to aggregate planned expenditures (APE), thus reducing the employment levels and GDP. If the APE falls, the automatic stabilizers reduce the decline in GDP and they increase the rise in GDP when the APE increases. They include unemployment compensation and insurance programs and they require a reservoir principle. A part of the income, usually in form of income tax, is set aside in a reservoir during times of economic growth. Increase in earnings means increase in tax and in the amount kept aside. This amount is not used because during times of economic growth there is less unemployment and so the resources are not drained. This reservoir is preserved to be used by households with low income or for those who are not employed. The situation is made worse when there is less coming inn in form of taxes and more people are depending on the reservoirs.
Progressive income taxes are also a part of automatic stabilization. Under the progressive income tax, when the GDY increases, a larger proportion of the income tax is kept aside leaving less money for consumption. The government should allow the growth of taxes to accumulate and this will repress the APE. When the gross domestic income increases, the tax for the various government-supported programs also increases. Unlike the automatic stabilizers, which function without any help from the federal government, the discretionary fiscal policy changes the levels of domestic purchases, businesses and households. The microeconomic coordination process will influence changes in the interest rates, output levels, employment levels and prices. Changes in federal taxes and purchases affect the levels of APE.
The federal government can increase APE by increasing its purchases or cut household taxes or business taxes. If it chooses to cut the taxes, the government would have to borrow, thus increasing the national debt. Thus, although the level of APE would increase if the business taxes were cut, the national debt would also increase with a higher percentage. The national debt includes all issued treasury securities, which have not yet matured. This can be corrected or avoided by using a balanced budget approach. If the federal government increased its expenditure and net household tax receipts by $ 1 billion, the government purchases would increase by $1 billion, which has been funded by the tax increase. This increase in tax would cut household income by the same amount. Assuming that there is a reduction in household purchases by 65%, this would leave $650M. The consumption would decline by $650M, which would offset the increase in government spending. APE will be increased by decreasing the tax revenues that are relative to government spending. Like the monetary policy, the discretionary fiscal policy also manipulates the levels of the APE and can be used to determine the level of unemployment and inflation.
teaching standards (my state is new york0 college essay help near meComparing Teacher Standards
Similarities
NBPTS Standards
NYC Standards
CEC Standards
INTASC Standards
NCLB Standards
1
All standards are set to describe the requirements that teachers need to have to teach in different situations whether in subjects or children.
Similarly, all NYC standards are set to describe requirements needed by teachers to teach in various disciplines and the children to be taught in different development levels.
All standards in the CEC are strictly set to describe the requirements that teachers need to be diverse.
In INTASC, the standards set are to describe the requirements that teachers need to have to teach in different circumstances.
All standards formulated in the NCLB are to describe what teachers need to be competent in their practice.
2
All standards are meant to ensure all teachers:- are committed to their students and their learning; know their subjects and how to teach them; are responsible for students development activities; think about their practice; and are members of evolving communities
Similarly, all NYC standards are set to ensure:- the commitment of teachers to their students and their student’ learning, all teachers know their subjects well and how to teach them, all teachers are responsible for student learning management and monitoring, all teachers think about their practice and are members of communities that learn.
Same as NYC only that here special children or children with exceptional capabilities are focused on
In INTASC, the standards set are to ensure all teachers are qualified in every professional qualification required.
Same as INTASC only that this is a law that was passed by the Government
3
First time candidates and aspiring practitioners must be baccalaureate degree holders from respectable accredited institutions
In the state of New York, the first time candidates must be degree holders in their fields
Same as NBPTS and NYC
Same as NBPTS and NYC
Here, first time candidates and practitioners are required to be baccalaureate degree holders
4
The organization was founded by the Government
Government established
Government founded and funded
INTASC was established by the Government
Government founded
Differences
NBPTS Standards
NYC Standards
CEC Standards
INTASC Standards
NCLB Standard
1. Potential candidates
Must have completed 3 years of successful teaching in one or more institutions of learning
Are approved by the state but have to go through NBPTS
Are approved by the state/province
– Should be committed to their students and their student’ learning
– Should know their subjects well and how to teach them
-They are responsible for student learning management and monitoring
– They should think about their practice and are members of communities that learn.
Are approved by the state/province
2 Ethical principles
Present in the policy statement
N/A
Present in written form
N/A
N/A
3 Regulating Agency
The NBPTS
The State of New York
The CEC
The INTASC
The Federal Government
References
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. (2010). National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. Retrieved from http://www.nbpts.org/
Black, P. C. (2010). NYC Department of Education. Retrieved from http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices
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HOW TO END DEFORESTATION
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), about 13 million hectares of world’s forests are lost annually, 6 million of this, being primary forests. United States of America is rated seventh largest annual loser of primary forests. In 2000-2005, USA lost 215,200 hectares of land and as if this is not enough, it has continued to lose more of its forests. People have cited various motives for deforestation some of which are population pressure and economy. Many have argued that due to the rise of human population, there is need for more space for these people to settle in.
The funny thing is that people clear forests to create this space, rather than developing the arid and semi-arid areas to be able to cater for the rising population. Since forest ecosystems can sustain farming, people tend to cut trees so that they plant crops. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat explained that, subsistence farming causes 48% of deforestation, commercial farming 32%, logging 14% and fuel wood 5%. People find it easier to cut trees than to develop new areas that are not forested, to practice agriculture. Some government’s projects for example, transmigration in Indonesia, have led to increase in deforestation.
People are continually worried about climate change and global warming but they ignore the main cause of such adverse climate, which is deforestation. It is common knowledge know that forests reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by absorbing it in soil, leaves and wood, but they continually clear forests. Actually, there is more carbon stored in forests than in the atmosphere. Even with this piece of information people, continue felling trees, expecting global warming to stop miraculously. Many places are experiencing drier conditions because of lack of trees, which enhance rain. Trees take groundwater and release it to the atmosphere through their leaves. When some trees are felled, shade is removed, therefore exposing the remaining trees to heat. As a result, the trees retain most of the water for survival.
Everyone loves a cool breeze; therefore, occasionally people will take time to go to forested areas and enjoy this breeze. They will also enjoy picnics in beautiful parks adorned with many trees and cannot stop telling stories about the panorama of beauty. Many love debates on how to combat deforestation, effects of climate change especially global warming but they are not ready to stop deforestation by themselves. There has also been a lot of support for sustainable development and many scholars and governments have shown concern for the future generations. They have emphasized on the need for sustainable development in development forums and written articles on the same. The greatest challenge has been that these big fish are the same who want to own real estates in these forested lands. Therefore, as they stop other citizens from acquiring land in these areas, they get busy creating wealth for themselves.
There are many NGOs especially in the developing countries that deal with afforestation and sensitizing communities on the importance of forests, but the irony is that forested lands are still decreasing! People are seeing NGOs as a means for getting wealthy and are therefore using this channel to draw money from donors who are willing to help to combat deforestation and its effects. Since it is clear people do not have a commitment to stop deforestation, I have a proposal on how to end deforestation. I propose that we cut all the trees so that we no longer have the obligation to save the forests. There are several advantages attached to this option, some of which are:
First, we will no longer have a moral obligation to protect forests, which means we can concentrate on more immediate things like large scale, highly mechanized forms of farming, which will lead to food security. We hope that long after the rivers have dried up, the underground water will be enough and that even with no trees, there will be no erosion. Second, we will not have to go to the coasts for holidays to get a sunbathed skin. Anyway, the sun will always be overhead and we will be a new market for the producers of sunscreen. We will not have to save for holidays as most Americans do.
Third, we can also amass lots of wood fuel and therefore escape paying our electricity bills for a long time. Wood is much cheaper and we will save a lot of money that we can use to take our children to school. Fourth, everyone can have a beautiful wooden house, adorned with beautiful wooden carvings that are expensive nowadays. It is common knowledge some of the most beautiful houses are made of wood. It will also be an opportunity for everyone to be a property owner, if the big fish do not take all the timber.
In conclusion, I believe I present the best proposal since it is also timely. We live in an individualistic world and my proposal helps to keep capitalists in business. Everyone is trying to do something that will benefit him. I therefore have no doubt that everyone would put the free wood to good use to improve his or her economic status.
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Don Quixote
Part 1
Vertical honor
Vertical honor is the kind of honor that is associated with social class. Many confuse honor with social status. The honor that comes with social status is often hollow and false. It can lead to ruins if one is obsessive with this socially prescribed honor. This could also refer to the dreams and ideals that we all hold. It is an imaginary world where everything works as it is expected.
Horizontal honor
Horizontal honor is the kind of honor that stems from a deep concern for personal honor. It is exhibited by characters like Anselmo, Dorothea and Don Quixote. Although all pursue personal honor, they get different results for their endeavors. This could also imply the real world. This is life in action where actions and consequences are real. In reality, things do not normally work out as expected but are dependant on numerous variables.
The golden age
The golden age is a period between the years 1492-1659. During this time, Spaniards made great accomplishments and contributed a lot to the humanities. Great contributions were made in the fields of art, music, and literature and helped Spain reach its golden status. Spain’s great contributors include Columbus, Vasquez and Cervantes.
Perspectivism
Perspectivism is a philosophical ideology, which shows that all ideas stem from particular points of view. This means that judgment is not definite but relative to the subject’s perspective of the case. This means that different people can make different observations or judgments on a particular subject depending on their points of view.
Part 11
1. Don Quixote is a picaresque novel in all aspects. In a picaresque novel, the hero is not famous but unpopular. He is described as ‘Picaro’, which is Spanish for a vagabond. The central figure in the novel is the opposite of the conventional star. The Don is unpopular in all aspects. He is not the everyday hero as instead of a young knight, the Don is an old knight who is a vagabond. Instead of being a role model, he ends up making a fool of himself by trying to emulate the imaginary heroes that he reads from the numerous books of knighthood that he constantly reads. Conventionally, the hero is supposed to be surrounded by important personalities. This is in contrast to the Don. We find him in the company of a simple peasant, Sancho Panza. Cervantes presents this genre by the use of irony. In the novel, we find that although the Don reads a lot, he still ends up performing foolish acts. On the other hand, his companion, Sancho Panza does not read but seems to be the more sensible person. He is realistic and down to earth.
2. Pastoral novel has the view of the rural life as being ideal and utopian. The novel has a character referred to as the Don. He has a companion, Sancho Panza who is very realistic. He is a knight who is in search of adventure all in the name of the love that he has for a countrywoman called Rocinante. He has the allusion that the girl is his woman. He lives in the eutopic country life of adventure, helping the less privileged, defending the weak, protecting maidens and widows, and living under the precepts of honor, truth, and beauty. He is often carried away by his imaginations where he fights foes of in his imaginations. To him, the windmills seem like giants who are devouring the people and it his duty to rescue them from the ogres. He sees flock of sheep as armies that are threatening the peace of his people and country inns as castles. The novel is satirical portrayal of the Spanish chivalry literature.
5. Chivalry originated from the medieval ages where knights were the protectors and defenders of a society. Cervantes does not believe in the existence of the ideal knight whose task was to forfeit all and serve his people with bravery, honor and with a little bit of romance. Cervantes is a realist and does not conform to the eutopic existence of heroes. He achieves to convey his ideas by writing the novel, Don Quixote, which was intended as a satire on medieval tales of chivalry. From the novel, we meet the Don who is a knight and serves to protect his nation and his love from any form of threat on their lives. Everything is an illusion to the Don. The Don reads a lot on the chivalric novels of knights.
During his adventures, he tries to practice and imitate everything he reads on the novels but the results are a pure failure. This shows that chivalry does not work in the real world and exists only in folklore stories. Cervates makes humor of the knight by depicting him as the fool who fights the foes of his imagination. To him, the windmills seem like giants who are devouring the people and it his duty to rescue them from the ogres. He sees flock of sheep as armies that are threatening the peace of his people. He satirizes chivalric love by contrasting how Don Quixote envisions prostitutes to be damsels in distress.
6. Cervantes regards sixteenth and seventeenth Spanish theatre as eutopic. He does not pay attention to the classical rules of literature nor does he regard the literary authorities. Although he says, he is too lazy to follow the classical rules of literature or pay attention to the literary authorities; he means that he will do it according to his own views and precepts. He identifies the main aim of the novel as a criticism against books of chivalry.
Part 111
8. Cervantes expresses profound understanding of humanity through his narration and characters in the novel. The first instance is revealed through the character Don Quixote. The Don shows his humanity when he attempts to assist a young poor kid who was full of tears. This he does by ordering the farmer to give the boy his wages for the work he had done. He says “Discourteous Knight, it is an unworthy act to strike a person who is not able to defend himself: come, bestride thy steed, and take thy lance…” (Cervantes 47). This show of humanity was all in vain, as the farmer punished the young poor boy as soon as Don Quixote had disappeared into the vicinity.
Don Quixote exhibits humanity when he tries to rescue the princess from harm. He says, “Immediately release those high-born princesses, whom you are violently conveying away in the coach, or else prepare to meet with instant death, as the just punishment of your pernicious deeds” (Cervantes 82). He attempts to rescue the princesses by attacking the monks. Although his intentions were noble, Don Quixote ends up beating up innocent monks who were carrying the princesses in a carriage.
The goat herders exhibited humanity when they went out of their way to assist a stranger. They tended to Don Quixote’s wounds by dressing his wounded ear and event went ahead to offer him a meal. Cervantes comments that,”… for the goatherds took them off the fire, and spreading some sheep-skins on the ground, soon got their rural feast ready, and cheerfully invited their master and him to partake of what they had” (Cervantes 100). This illuminates on the profound humanity that the goat herders exhibited.
In the current times, such humanity is also exhibited where we see volunteers opting to go and serve in areas that have been ravaged by famine or war. These areas often harbor people who are hostile to the volunteers. Despite this, the volunteers risk their lives so that they can be of some help. The same is also exhibited when there has been a catastrophe or a disaster. During such disasters, we see people assisting in the clearing of debris and the saving of lives. Acts of in humanism are also evident such as the case of Sancho who attempted to rob the monk of his clothes. This is evidenced in the present world where helpless people are robbed off their belongings. We get to see people taking advantage of those who are ignorant to satisfy their greed.
Introduction
I am a customer care coordinator. My work revolves around satisfying clients. I have to ensure that when a potential client walks up to my desk, he or she gets the required attention. The clients expect to be served to their satisfaction and walk out happily due to the good service they were given. This position is very important because it determines whether the customers will come back again or they were dissatisfied. This work needs a person with courtesy and etiquette.
My personal strengths and weaknesses
One of my personal strengths is that am a social person. This enables me to interact well with fellow employees and above all, the clients. Since am in the banking industry, one has to put a smile always because I serve so many clients in a day. Good communication skill is another strength I possess. This way, I am able to understand the clients and the management. Some customers require detailed explanation of various issues. I am able to satisfy their wants by talking to them and understanding exactly what it is that they require.
Without management skills, it is hard to organize oneself. These skills are taught during training and in College. I am good in management and that is why the human resource manager promoted me to be a coordinator in customer service duties. Am very patient and tolerate all sorts of attitudes from people. They could be customers or even other employers. This is a very important ability that one should have. Emotionally weak attendants will find it hard to handle unreasonable clients. The company could lose many customers if the attendants are inhospitable. Working in this position has made me enjoy my work because I like interacting with diverse people.
I have my weaknesses as well. I sometimes find it hard to work under pressure. I do not like being threatened or given ultimatums because I believe in working under minimal supervision. There are times I find myself being blunt even to my seniors. This is because I believe in openness and speaking out what is in the mind. I do not enjoy working for extra hours because it interferes with my social life. When my strengths and weaknesses are considered, I can only work in a place where there is no pressure and a huge workload.
What characteristics should you look for when considering employment?
One of the important characteristics is a good relationship with the manager. This is vital because how the two relate depends highly on the labor turnover. To know about your potential employer, the interviewee can ask a few questions that will enable him or her to determine whether a manager is suitable to work with. Apart from the manager, it is important to enquire about the workmates one is working with.
When considering employment, it is important to check whether it will blend with ones social life. For example, the distance from home, will it be a job with frequent traveling and other important factors that should be considered. It is of utmost importance to make sure that ones family is not affected negatively by the employment because it could reduce the employee’s output. Another characteristic is the amount of work in hand. There are people who cannot handle a lot of work. Therefore, they should understand the workload that comes with the job.
The best motivator is compensation. The employment should offer an attractive and competitive pay. The amount should enable the employee to afford a decent life. It is of importance to have knowledge of the company offering employment. It would be so unwise to join a company that one has not run a background check up on. Some of the things that should be checked are the leadership of the company, the products offered by the company and the values. For potential employees to join companies or work places they want, they should consider these characteristics.
POLICY ISSUES. essay help onlinePolicy Issues
Chapter 10
Balanced Rates and Domestic Policy
In this study, the author considers the happenings that would follow if there were a substantial drop in the level of interest rates in the US. Maybe the author notes that because interest rates in the US will have fallen relative to the one of Europe, the US certainly becomes less attractive to Europeans as the destination of financial investment. Actually, this may lead to shrinking of the economy. At this time, the E.U. countries will look more attractive to Americans as a destination of financial investment. In pegged exchange rate system like the Bretton Woods, a drop in the international value of the dollar would have been held to not in excess of 1%. This would mean that there is minimal foreign trade boost.
Policy Issues
This chapter addresses a number of policies. They include expansionary policy, inconstancy problem, liquidity traps, crowling out, Ricadian Equivalence, restrictive policies, tax based incomes, business cycles, interest rate policy, data problems, policy delays. Monetary and fiscal policy work in hand through the impacts that they have upon the aggregate demand. Monetary policies affect the aggregate demand directly by altering the aggregate supply of funding, which in turn may affect the level of interest. On the other side, fiscal policies raises APE directly.
Expansionary Policies
Consider case study 3, in which the levels of employment and output have been forced down or let us pick on any natural disaster. Boosting aggregate demand would not restore employment and output. This is because aggregate demand already exceeds GDP. This means that any additional files would intensify the upward pressure upon the prices. On the other side, case 5 & 6 shocks the perfect use of expansionary monetary policy.
Inconsistency Problem
This is portrayed in case 4, which involves a drop in aggregate demand. This is the sort of problem that expansionary monetary and fiscal policies are intended to handle. The Federal Reserve can use open market purchases, a sharp reduction in the reserve requirement, and cut of the discount to boost up the aggregate. The goal here is to trigger funding adjustment that will restore the lost aggregate demand.
Fiscal policies involve some tax cut and the increases and decreases of Government expenditures or purchases. If the Government spends more on its projects, then there is high of economy growth as these projects may act as employments. When the Government has pumped more money into projects such as building up of roads, hospitals and other public amenities, there is improvement in the lifestyle and living standards of people. When less money is channeled by the Government, then the supply of money will be less therefore little will be done, and the economy will not make it to grow at a faster pace as desired. Fiscal policies therefore directly affect the economic state. In the current world, many nations use both the fiscal and monetary policies to control the economic market. Here, both the macroeconomic and microeconomic variants are analyzed and paper solutions are reached at.
Restrictive Policies
It is evident that business and economics is a real life experience. Different countries would apply restrictive measures to protect their markets against inflation. Inflation can be brought about by either cost-push factors or demand-pull. At times restrictive measures are taken to counter the negative effects of inflation. These restrictions include patents to local companies, quotas imposed on imports and exports, standardization of consumer goods, licensing of different market players and so on.
Chapter 11
Balance of Payments
It dates back to 1973, when most countries maintained their balance of payments record of all cross border economic conditions. The balance of trade is divided into two parts, which are the current account and the financial account. The current account records both exports and imports, also referred to as trade accounts. The other account is the international payment and gifts accounts, widely known as transfers.
Pegged Rates and Domestic policy
A study of the exchange rates stabilization systems like Bretton Woods system exposes that each participating Government is obliged by the international treaties to buy or sell its currency in the foreign market in foreign currency. This is needed to sustain the exchange value to buy or sell its currency in foreign exchange markets. The dollar and Euro are currently free to fluctuate in their relative values. If one considers what would happen in the GDP if it grows, then there needs an equal rise in GDY, and some portions of the remainder would be spent on GDY. In addition, some small portions of it would be spent on imports from Europe.
It is also important to as the author brings up some specific level for interest rates in the US if given any new level for the GDP, then it would lead to the official pegged exchange rate. In fact there is a whole set of combination that comes up. An instance may occur that in the domestic economy, there is use of only monetary policy to achieve both the state goal target and the targeted GDP target. This implies that we must choose a targeted combination.
It is also vital to note that pegged exchange system will definitely limit the domestic macroeconomic policy options that are available in a given economic setting. Under the flexible rate system, there is not any concern about seeking interest rate and GDP combinations. The graph in page 244 shows that all combinations are available though not all are accessible unless both the fiscal and monetary policies are used. Using one side alone, for instance using monetary policy alone would limit the eventual equilibrium to the interest rate and GDP combinations that is observed here. Actually, it takes the coordinated use of both monetary and fiscal policies to permit access to all possible interest rates and the combinations of the GDP.
Supposing that there exists flexible exchange rate system, and an assumption that the policy makers went to the economy to move it from equilibrium. It is true that neither the monetary nor the fiscal policy in isolation would get one there. Things can only work well when there is a properly balanced course of both monetary and fiscal policies. For both of the policies regulate an economic market. This is for either the market growth or decline.
Sustaining Growth
The high-income countries were poor at one time but they did enjoy the privilege of sustained growth in average income per capita. They were able to do this through technological change and innovation. This made the countries production to grow much faster. To keep the technological scale increasing, the Government subsidizes the private technologies, taking technological research and development. The Government can decide to do it by itself or involve other foreign sources. Investment in technology is a good deal. However, it may lead to the job losses among the employed. As put clear is that, what is missing in the world’s poorest countries is a key that may open a second phase for the real estate.
International Issues
The issues here pertain to a number of concepts. They include balance of payment, pegged rates and domestic policy in addition to flexible rates and domestic policy. Since early eighties, the U.S dollar has moved around the globe .The monetary policy has been strengthened through market responsive exchange rates, and the focus upon domestic policy goals.
Chapter 12
The section is divided into five parts that cover the following topics. Reducing population growth, accelerating growth of the GDY, investment is not enough and dead capital. The GDY when divided by the population would give the average annual income per person. This is in most times used as a sign of the wellbeing of the community. It acts as the sole indicator, for there is not any recognition of the distribution of the GDY or GDP composition. Considerations such as to what extend does GDP consist of health, housing or food or is the GDY widely dispersed and so on may lead one to conclude that citizens of countries where the GDY per capita of about $45,000 are on a general scale well of than their counterparts whose GDY per capita is lower. However, it becomes common knowledge that both these people are better than those whose GDY is $750 or less this value.
It is essential to note that the GDP measures output on yearly basis whereas GDY measures annual income and if the two margins are compared, then they are often equal. In America, the GDY per capita is estimated at $50,000. This is in contrast to other over hundred countries in the tropical region that have a GDY per capita of less than $750. These countries host more than a third of the current world population of 7 billion with a projected increase in population to 9 billion. A number of these countries suffer poor living conditions as well as the evident low life expectancy. Elimination of poverty in this countries form a goal of scientists from time to time. An analysis of this can be done. For instance, if 3% is the GDY per year of a high-income country, its per capita income may double in 24 years to become $100,000 supposing a middle earning country has an annual growth rate of 9% in its GDP per capital. This calculation is based on rule 72.
Reducing population
It is an established fact that countries with high incomes have low populations, as opposed to countries that have low incomes that have high populations. Scholars point out that poverty promotes high birth rates. Efforts to try to enforce the use of contraceptives have flopped and ended up being ineffective. This is because of the reality that poverty causes an increase in birth rates. This is as opposed to the rich who regulate their family size. Adults who live close to the subsistence level hardly have savings. They need children to provide them support at work. The parents want children, for birth control would be disastrous, and therefore poverty causes more children to be desired.
Moreover, it is of significance that in most of these poverty-hit countries, their Governments do not have tax-supported retirement benefits. Therefore, the parents would depend on their children for care at old age, and because poverty makes infant mortality rates high, then the family may require more children to keep the numbers. High income in families also makes the matter of having children optional, for parents have other luxuries to take care of. This means high-income family’s size growth is low. Essentially, it means that the denominator in average income per capita ratio will cater for itself. Therefore, the population growth would slow as the ratio (GDY/population) goes up. Hence, poverty reduction techniques need to concentrate only on the numerator of the ratio.
Accelerating growth in the GDY may require a country to increase its annual production of goods and services. This implies the need of better use of a countries productive factor such as labor, capital and resources. It may also involve the increase in countries amounts of these factors. One thing to begin with is the education sector. Good efforts have been undertaken to increase knowledge in some of the poorest countries of the world.
The challenge has come in that the enhanced workforce needs tools and technology that require physical capital plants and equipment, which needs financing from savings. Poor countries have limited savings. Therefore, most of the financing must come from foreign sources. It happens that generally private investments flows among high and middle income countries. This is because in most low-income countries, the political and economic conditions typically do not attract foreign investment. This is in addition to the fear in low-income countries that foreign funds may lead to dominance by these countries.
Investment is not enough
This is with regard to international sources of development funding and advice programs. Efforts are needed in the facilitation of institutional and foreign political reforms in the receiving countries. Walter W. Rostov suggests the stages of economic growth. In this growth, it is expected that a short term ‘big push’ in investment should be able to push up a low-income country into a sustained growth.
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Charlie Wilson’s War
Charlie Wilson was a congressional representative in 1980 who was more interested in partying and women although later he is interested in Afghanistan’s current state during his visit to their refugee camps in Pakistan. The book talks about him pushing the federal government to help Afghanistan during this time when the Russians had invaded them. The main conflict in the novel was the war and the involvement of America. This war was the cause of many other conflicts between the three countries and harsh repercussions. Crile describes this war’s events and their effects to the countries involved with regard to Charlie Wilson’s role.
One of the conflicts was the United States’ financial support to the Afghanistan. The Americans provided weapons and training to Afghanistan during the war and entered into a conflict with the Soviet government. The operation dwelled more on giving support to militant Islamic groups to defeat Russians after they invaded their country. The war took a period of nine years popularly known as the cold war. This war had a tremendous impact on the Russian economy even up to current times. The United States did not get involved directly with the militia groups, but instead used Pakistan as a bridge, “…was never to introduce into a conflict weapons that could be traced back to the United States” (Crile15), and therefore the militia did not recognize their role. After the war, these groups remained organized. The militia groups were left uncontrolled and they started fighting for power over the country. Currently, the militia groups are the ones associated with terror, the current conflict that has been associated with Charlie Wilson’s War. These groups have become well established and are a constant threat to world peace. They are constantly threatening Americans with bombing. For example, they were behind the September attack in the United States. The author views them as a product of America’s support to them.
In America today, there are social conflicts because of their constant involvement in fighting terror from the Islamic militia groups that they trained. Some of include the use of too much money in the war against terror, which only means that it has an economic effect on Americans, which cause instabilities. Many Americans today live on tight budgets since the government uses less resource on them. They are heavily taxed to meet these financial needs and some are left poor. Social amenities such as medical covers are not affordable to the poor. The Soviet Union used a lot of money to fund the war, which led to economic setbacks.
Death is another social issue due to many soldiers dying in wars and leaving behind their families. Everyday, people die due to hunger and poverty in countries involved in war. Many Americans died in the September attack from the militia groups of Islam. There were many deaths in Afghanistan during the war and in the current ongoing war on terror. These deaths continue to devastate Afghanistan even today. Their economic activities such as agriculture were destroyed in the anti-soviet war, by the Russians when they spilled oil in their firms, which slowed down growth and constantly caused hunger strikes in the country. Many people fled to Pakistan and left their country without enough human capital. The Soviet Union lost thousands of soldiers to the war as Crile states, “Death to the soviets-death, death, death!” (Crile 17).
Insecurity is another issue that is involved with the war since threats are on the rise. Because of this, movement of people has been restricted. In America, people live in fear of attacks from the militia since the September 11 attack. Since then, America spends a lot of money to provide security for the people.
The author views the conflict as one that could have been stopped early before it was too late. He views Wilson as the driving force to this war. In his view, Charlie Wilson started the conflicts by pushing the government to give their support to the Islamic militia groups. Crile stated that, “no congressman prior to Charlie Wilson had ever moved unsolicited to increase a CIA budget” (Crile 21). The government did not intend to engage in the war until Charlie Wilson with help of CIA persuaded it. About the current conflicting issues, he thinks that they could have been avoided if the government had stopped the efforts of Wilson and the CIA. He suggests that America used the militia groups to fight the Soviet Union indirectly. The author attributes all the conflicts to the involvement of America in the war.
ESL 523N Week 4 Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards college essay help
English Language Learners
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Abstract
There has been greater demand for the setting of academic standards on what learners ought to know and be able to accomplish. This has led the setting of academic standards in the United States since the 1980’s. The set standards are then used as a benchmark for all other facets of the system. The SBE (standards-based education) reform movement defines definite measurable standards for all school students. In the standards-based system, the student’s performance is assessed based on the set standards and not compared to other students. The curriculum that is used, the grading of the students and professional development are pegged on the instructions. The standard based instruction is a set of guidelines that dictate on what is to be taught that is the curriculum. It also provides a system for checking whether the students have understood the topics taught and gives ways on how to reinstruct the students who did not understand the material taught. This essay discusses historical and political incentives for standards-based instruction and the alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards.
Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards
Introduction
The number of English language learner (ELL) students in U.S. schools has been on an exponential rise for the past 40 years. Statistics indicate that 20% of the potential students in America are raised in homes where different languages from English are used (Ivey, Worthy, & Broaddus, 2001). It has taken America over three decades to be to tackle the underlying issue on how to evaluate bilingual students. In 1974, the Supreme Court made a declaration that students whose English fluency was wanting, should not be undermined. It gave equal rights to education to those whose fluency in English was wanting as those who used English as their first language.
Discussion
In a standards-based instruction, the teachers are obliged to come up with expectations and standards on what their students should have learnt and understood by the end of the unit. This should be inline with the set standards. The teachers are supposed to assess whether the students had learnt the material that was to be covered. The teachers have to inform the students on how they have faired on the unit. The standards-based instruction begins by setting the standards on what is supposed to be covered in addition to the planning instructions, and then embarks on meeting the relevant standards and finally proof checks to confirm whether the details have been comprehended according to the set standards.
The English language proficiency standards are of similar scope to the classroom entire state evaluation frameworks. Both of them reveal the social conditions and academic levels required in order to get a second language from a student learning English in America. Every English language proficiency standard covers a particular framework for teaching the subject. The English language proficiency standard generally dictates on the grammar needed and used by the students who are learning in schools for them to excel.
The English language proficiency standards are set and divided into four grade level clusters, namely K- 2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-12. The English language learners use the language learnt for social and instructional communication reasons during their length of study. The students communicate their thoughts, ideas, theories and information in order to excel in their learning processes. This is used to excel in their academics in the areas of language arts mathematics, science, and social studies. The standards comprise of four language domains, which are reading, speaking, writing and listening. The language domains of reading, writing, listening and speaking, are the modes under which communication is carried out.
Through reading, written language, script, and symbols are rationalized interpreted and evaluated for understanding and smoothness. Writing is the transfer of an idea, thought or message into a script for various reasons and recipients. Listening entails hearing of speech and processing, understanding and interpreting the ideas or messages conveyed. Speaking involves conveying an idea, information, or the like using oral communication.
Instruction in the primary language assists the students to acquire knowledge efficiently. It is much efficient for the learners to acquire academic skills in their first language as opposed to using the second language to acquire knowledge. Good instruction when conveyed efficiently helps the learner to perform. Quality instruction is to be given in the most efficient of languages.
For efficient learning purposes, instructional accommodations are incorporated. Primary language is carefully incorporated for easy explanations; conventional classroom management practices are entailed additional time for practice is given. In addition to this, there is additional use of gestures, charts and classroom procedures. All this is done concentrating on the comparisons between the learners native language with English (Ivey et al., 2001).
Necessary instructional accommodations for the learners entail summarizing text knowledge for easier comprehension; addition practice is given to learners when reading words, concepts are made available both orally and in written format, their level of comprehending both written and verbal is assessed and focus is given to vocabulary (Peregoy & Boyle, 2008).
The students are turned into societies of learners through incorporating numerous schemes of student learning. These include real student work. The learner’s work represents data that is recovered from a logically comprehensive method. This is studied with the intent of improving on the instruction. Data obtained from various sources is used to relate to the learner’s progress. The data obtained from various sources is used as a means for enabling the standard based instruction. This is through having a well-defined idea on how the learner is progressing with time. The numerous schemes of student learning include the learner’s work, classroom-based evaluations and entire school assessments.
The availability of a good number of standards offers a good basis for high anticipations and the motivation for the teachers. This is considered necessary for the molding of instruction for it to meet the needs of the learner. This is made possible through, providing a guideline for the teachers on what to teach the learners. In addition to this it gives ways on how to the learners are to be taught, on evaluating whether the lessons taught were understood and how to make amends and improve on the weaknesses of the learners where they could not comprehend. When teaching is done in the learners’ native language, it is easier for them to conceptualize the main ideas. Consequently, the teachers are able to make their points understood and the learner is able to make progress in the English language by being motivated and corrected along their learning process according to the standards.
Teachers and administrators in grades K – 12 are provided with the Tapestry. This gives them the ability to better deal with children who are learning English language due their low limitations in English language proficiency. It enables the teacher to have results of research and the necessary recourses for teaching, which are convenient and relevant to the classroom. Second language acquirement and teaching approaches has been tactfully introduced into the research (Rivers & Coelho, 2004).
Conclusion
In conclusion, there has not been a way to determine effectively how a learner will fair or provide the relevant instructions to meet the learners’ needs. In many states and districts, a good number of measures have been put in place including classroom-based evidence among their accountability schemes. It can be soundly concluded that in order to come up with a proper evaluation of ELL, there needs to be different approaches to come up with the relevant information. The different ways include oral proficiency tests and surveillance, social data and academic foundations.